Notes Introduction 1 Walter Montagu Kerr, The Far Interior: A Narrative of Travel and Adventure from the Cape of Good Hope across the Zambesi to the Lake Regions of Central Africa (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1886), 1: 2, 5–7. 2 Ibid., 1: 10, 18–20, 27, 47, 51–7. 3 David B. Espey, “Imperialism and the Image of the White Hunter,” Research Studies 46 (March 1978): 13. 4 John M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988). 5 For some excellent examples over the years, see Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880– 1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); William Beinart, “Empire, Hunting and Ecological Change in Southern and Central Africa,” Past & Pre- sent, no. 128 (August 1990): 162–86, doi:10.2307/651014; Jane Carruthers, Wildlife & Warfare: The Life of James Stevenson-Hamilton (Durban: University of Natal Press, 2001); Greg Gillespie, Hunting for Empire: Narratives of Sport in Rupert’s Land, 1840–70 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2007); Donna Haraway, “Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy in the Garden of Eden, New York City, 1908–1936,” Social Text, no. 11 (Winter 1984/1985): 20–64, doi:10.2307/466593; Patricia Jane Jasen, Wild Things: Nature, Culture, and Tourism in Ontario, 1790–1914 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995); Jeannette Eileen Jones, In Search of Brightest Africa: Reimagining the Dark Continent in American Culture, 1884–1936 (Athens, GA: University of Geor- gia Press, 2010); Clapperton Mavhunga, “Big Game Hunters, Bacteriologists, and Tsetse Fly Entomology in Colonial South-East Africa: The Selous-Austen Debate Revisited, 1905–1940s,” ICON, no. 12 (2006): 75–117; Joseph Sramek, “‘Face Him Like a Briton’: Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculin- ity in Colonial India, 1800–1875,” Victorian Studies 48, no. 4 (Summer 2006): 659–80. 6 William K. Storey, “Big Cats and Imperialism: Lion and Tiger Hunting in Kenya and Northern India, 1898–1930,” Journal of World History 2, no. 2 (1991): 137 n7. 7 Edward I. Steinhart, Black Poachers, White Hunters: A Social History of Hunt- ing in Colonial Kenya (Oxford: James Currey, 2006), 206–7; A very different example in the French colonial context is provided by Jeremy Rich, “‘Tata Otangani, Oga Njali, Mbiambiè!’: Hunting and Colonialism in Southern Gabon, Ca. 1890–1940,” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 10, no. 3 (Winter 2009): online, doi:10.1353/cch.0.0085. 8 Stephen J. Rockel, Carriers of Culture: Labor on the Road in Nineteenth-Century East Africa (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2006); Ruth Rempel, “‘No Better than a Slave or Outcast’: Skill, Identity, and Power among the Porters of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition, 1887–1890,” International Journal of African His- torical Studies 43, no. 2 (January 2010): 279–318. 167 168 Notes 9 Moses Ochonu, “African Colonial Economies: Land, Labor, and Livelihoods,” History Compass 11, no. 2 (2013): 91, doi:10.1111/hic3.12031. 10 For excellent examples, see Johannes Fabian, Out of Our Minds: Reason and Madness in the Exploration of Central Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); Elizabeth E. Prevost, The Communion of Women: Missions and Gender in Colonial Africa and the British Metropole (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010); Richard Price, Making Empire: Colonial Encounters and the Crea- tion of Imperial Rule in Nineteenth-Century Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 2008). 11 Greg Dening, Islands and Beaches: Discourse on a Silent Land: Marquesas, 1774– 1880 (Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1980), 43. 12 Relevant studies of women hunters in other geographic fields include Erica Munkwitz, “Vixens of Venery: Women, Sport, and Fox-Hunting in Brit- ain, 1860–1914,” Critical Survey 24, no. 1 (June 2012): 74–87, doi:10.3167/ cs.2012.240106; Mary A. Procida, “Good Sports and Right Sorts: Guns, Gender, and Imperialism in British India,” Journal of British Studies 40, no. 4 (2001): 454– 88; Andrea L. Smalley, “‘Our Lady Sportsmen’: Gender Class, and Conservation in Sport Hunting Magazines, 1873–1920,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progres- sive Era 4, no. 4 (October 2005): 355–80, doi:10.1017/S1537781400002759. 13 Jones, In Search of Brightest Africa, 146. 14 Chris Roche, “‘Fighting Their Battles O’er Again’: The Springbok Hunt in Graaff-Reinet, 1860–1908,” Kronos, no. 29 (November 2003): 86–108. 15 Brian Herne, White Hunters: The Golden Age of African Safaris (New York: Henry Holt, 1999), 4, 7. Chapter 1 1 Roualeyn Gordon-Cumming, Five Years of a Hunter’s Life in the Far Interior of South Africa. With Anecdotes of the Chase and Notices of the Native Tribes, New edition (London: J. Murray, 1855), 2: 381; Unsigned review of A Hunter’s Life in South Africa by Roualeyn Gordon-Cumming, Morning Chronicle, 23 August 1850, 19th-Century British Library Newspapers Database (hereafter NCBL Newspapers Database); ‘Domestic Intelligence’, Aberdeen Journal, 8 May 1850, NCBL Newspapers Database. 2 Wilmott ‘Thormanby’ Wilmott Dixon, Kings of the Rod, Rifle and Gun (Lon- don: Hutchinson, 1901), 1: 262. 3 ‘Scottish Fete in Holland Park’, Era, 7 July 1850, NCBL Newspapers Database. 4 John M. MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation, and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 29; Wilmott- Dixon, Kings of the Rod, Rifle and Gun, 1: 292–3. 5 Gordon-Cumming, Five Years of a Hunter’s Life, iii. 6 Wilmott Dixon, Kings of the Rod, Rifle and Gun, 1: 262. 7 Louise Twining-Ward, Sub Saharan Africa Tourism Industry Research (Wash- ington, D.C.: World Bank, 2009), 7, http://siteresources.worldbank.org. 8 Gail Bederman, Manliness & Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880–1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995); MacKenzie, The Empire of Nature; J. A. Mangan and Callum McKenzie, Mili- tarism, Hunting, Imperialism: ‘Blooding’ the Martial Male (London: Routledge, Notes 169 2009); Angela Woollacott, Gender and Empire (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmil- lan, 2006), 71–3. 9. Mario Pereira, ‘African Art at the Portuguese Court, c. 1450–1521,’ (PhD diss, Brown University, 2010), 1–3, Proquest. 10 MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 85–92. 11 Willem H. Boshoff and Johan Fourie, ‘The Significance of the Cape Trade Route to Economic Activity in the Cape Colony: A Medium-Term Business Cycle Analysis’, European Review of Economic History 14, no. 3 (December 2010): 2, 4, doi:10.1017/S1361491610000134; Allen F. Isaacman and Barbara Isaacman, Slavery and Beyond: The Making of Men and Chikunda Ethnic Identi- ties in the Unstable World of South-Central Africa, 1750–1920 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2004), 13, 56–9, 77–8 n118; M. D. D. Newitt, ‘The Portuguese on the Zambezi: An Historical Interpretation of the Prazo System’, Journal of African History 10, no. 01 (1969): 67–8, doi:10.1017/S0021853700009282; Clive A Spinage, ‘A Review of Ivory Exploitation and Elephant Population Trends in Africa’, East African Wildlife Journal 11, no. 3/4 (1973): 281–9; Cf MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 86. 12 MacKenzie, Empire of Nature, 90–1. 13 For more on these men, see ibid., 92–6. 14 Examples of those who do not reference hunting include Alexander Gordon Laing, Travels in the Timannee, Kooranko, and Soolima Countries, in Western Africa (London: J. Murray, 1825); René Caillié, Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo: And Across the Great Desert, to Morocco, Performed in the Years 1824– 1828, 2 vols. (London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley, 1830); Heinrich Barth, Trav- els and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken Under the Auspices of H. B. M.’s Government: In the Years 1849–1855, 5 vols. (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts, 1857). 15 For examples, see Hugh Clapperton and Richard Lander, Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa: From the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo; to Which Is Added the Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the Sea-Coast, Partly by a More Eastern Route. (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea and Carey, 1829), 206, 295–300, 320; Robert Moffat, The Matabele Journals of Robert Moffat, 1829–1860, ed. J. P. R. Wallis (London: Chatto & Windus, 1945), 414, 461–3; Henry Morton Stanley, How I Found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa: Including an Account of Four Months’ Residence with Dr. Livingstone (Lon- don: Sampson, Low, Marston, and Searle, 1872), 194, 289–93, 336–42, 375, 577–8; a notable exception is Samuel Baker, who was known as a big game hunter before he launched an expedition through East and Northeast Africa. See Sir Samuel White Baker, The Albert N’yanza: Great Basin of the Nile, and Explorations of the Nile Sources (London: MacMillan, 1867), 247–62, 302–5, 318–24. 16 Patrick Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830– 1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988), 173. 17 For more on this epistemological shift, see Dane Kennedy, The Last Blank Spaces: Exploring Africa and Australia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 6–16. 18 Adrian S. Wisnicki, ‘Charting the Frontier: Indigenous Geography, Arab- Nyamwezi Caravans, and the East African Expedition of 1856–59’, Victorian Studies 51, no. 1 (2008): 103–37. 170 Notes 19 Dane Kennedy, The Highly Civilized Man: Richard Burton and the Victorian World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 93. 20 Woollacott, Gender and Empire, 71. 21 John Guille Millais, Life of Frederick Courtenay Selous, D. S. O., Capt. 25th Royal Fusiliers (London: Longmans, Green, 1919), 67. 22 Andrew A. Anderson, Twenty-Five Years in a Waggon in the Gold Regions of Africa (London: Chapman and Hall, 1887), 1: 57; F. Vaughan (Maqaqamba) Kirby, In Haunts of Wild Game; a Hunter-Naturalist’s Wanderings from Kahlamba to Libombo (London: William Blackwood & Sons, 1896), 391; Frederick Cour- teney Selous, A Hunter’s Wanderings in Africa: Being a Narrative of Nine Years Spent amongst the Game of the Far Interior of South Africa (London: Richard Bentley & Son, 1881), 1.