Family: Dilleniaceae Taxon: Dillenia indica Synonym: Dillenia elliptica Thunb. Common Name: dillenia Dillenia speciosa Thunb. elephant apple chulta Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: HPWRA OrgData Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: HPWRA OrgData WRA Score 0 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 n 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 Print Date: 1/31/2013 Dillenia indica (Dilleniaceae) Page 1 of 7 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score 0 Print Date: 1/31/2013 Dillenia indica (Dilleniaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2008. Janick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Encyclopedia of [Is the species highly domesticated? No evidence] Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishing, Wallingford, UK 102 2013. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2013. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2007. Wu, Z.Y./Raven, P.H./Hong, D.Y. ( eds.). [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Valleys, streamsides. Flora of China. Vol. 12 (Hippocastanaceae S Guangxi, S Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, through Theaceae).. Science Press Beijing, and Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam]." Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis., 202 2007. Wu, Z.Y./Raven, P.H./Hong, D.Y. ( eds.). [Quality of climate match data 2-High] Flora of China. Vol. 12 (Hippocastanaceae through Theaceae).. Science Press Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis., 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "- Altitude range: 0 - CAB International, Wallingford, UK 1100 m" [Range exceeds 1000 m] 204 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] CAB International, Wallingford, UK "Latitude between 30°N and 10°S" 204 2007. Wu, Z.Y./Raven, P.H./Hong, D.Y. ( eds.). [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Flora of China. Vol. 12 (Hippocastanaceae "Valleys, streamsides. S Guangxi, S Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Laos, through Theaceae).. Science Press Beijing, and Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam]." Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis., 205 2000. Liogier, A.H./ Martorell, L.F.. Flora of [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic range? Puerto Rico] "Occasionally planted as a shade tree and persistent in synopsis. Second Edition Revised. La Editorial, Puerto Rico; a native to tropical Asia, from India to Malaysia, cultivated in the UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico tropics." 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Garden Flora - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian range? Hawaii] "In Hawai`i, elephant-apple thrives in cool, moist valleys and is Islands and Other Tropical Places. Bishop easily propagated by seed or cuttings." Museum Press, Honolulu, HI 205 2011. Kerrigan, R.A./Craven, L.A./Dunlop, C.R.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Dilleniaceae. In Short, P.S. & Cowie, I.D. (eds), range? Darwin, Australia] "Some species are used for their edible fruits and Flora of the Darwin Region. Northern Territory medicinal applications or are cultivated as ornamentals. Dillenia indica (Elephant Herbarium, Palmerston, Australia Apple), not treated here, is also grown in Darwin gardens." 205 2013. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Hondapara [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Tree, Chulta, Elephant Apple - Dillenia indica. range? Florida] "This plant has been said to grow in the following regions: Coral http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/63741/ Springs, Florida Kendall, Florida Lakeland, Florida Merritt Island, Florida" [Accessed 31 Jan 2013] 301 2000. Liogier, A.H./ Martorell, L.F.. Flora of [Naturalized beyond native range? Persistent] "Occasionally planted as a shade Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic tree and persistent in Puerto Rico; a native to tropical Asia, from India to Malaysia, synopsis. Second Edition Revised. La Editorial, cultivated in the tropics." UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 301 2011. Guézou, A. et al.. CDF Checklist of [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence in Galapagos] "Origin: Introduced, Galapagos Introduced Plants. In: Bungartz, F. et Cultivated." al. (eds.). CDF Galapagos Species Checklist. Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos http://www.darwinfoundation.org/datazone/checkli sts/ecological-group 301 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range?] Unverified reports of naturalization, including Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture the Galapagos, Pohnpei and Food, Western Australia 301 2012. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Khan, N./Flynn, [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence in the Hawaiian Islands] T.. Hawaiian Vascular Plant Updates: A Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i & Hawai`i's Ferns & Fern Allies. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaii anflora/supplement.htm 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. The introduced flora of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? Unknown] Documented as a weed, but Australia and its weed status. CRC for Australian impacts unknown Weed Management, Glen Osmond, Australia Print Date: 1/31/2013 Dillenia indica (Dilleniaceae) Page 3 of 7 303 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 304 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 305 2007. Nayanakantha, N.M.C .. Alien invasive [Congeneric weed? Yes] "Some of the commonly found invasive plants in Sri plants and their potential threat to biodiversity in Lanka in different habitats include Weddelia [sic] trilobata, Lantana camara, rubber plantations. Bulletin of the Rubber Clidemia hirta, Dillenia suffruticosa..." … "Except Lantana camera, other leading Research Institute of Sri Lanka. 48: 61-66. invasive plants, such as Weddelia trilobata, Clidemia hirta and Dillenia suffruticosa are found in rubber plantations especially in the Wet Zone of Sri Lanka as noxious weeds." … "Dillenia suffruticosa Griff, ("diya para") belonging to the family Dilleniaceae, is found massively in some rubber plantations in Wet Zone areas of Sri Lanka." … "This is a pioneer species which can establish in bare lands and therefore there is a potential to invade it in to young rubber plantations as well." 401 2007.