Kaylee Gutschow, Tori Justice, Kenny Richley, Meka George Many abolitionists started to believe that it was their duty to end slavery, seeing it as a sin. Free blacks wanted to be respected by white people, seeing themselves as an equal. Many whites were threatened by the black quest and organized mobs against African Americans, forcing them to flee to Canada. Walker was a free black who published a pamphlet entitled An Appeal… to the Colored Citizens of the World. The pamphlet ridiculed the religious pretensions of slaveholders, justified slave rebellion, and warned white Americans that slaves would revolt if justice was delayed. In 1830 Walker and others called a national convention in Philadelphia to discuss the possibility of a revolt for collective equality for all blacks. Nat Turner was a Virginian slave who led a bloody revolt against whites. He became a preacher and killed almost 60 whites, along with his followers. Slaves were killed randomly by whites because of this failed rebellion, and Turner was hanged. In response, the Virginia legislator tried to tried to pass a bill for gradual emancipation, which failed. The movement had two different groups fighting against slavery, which was the Christian abolitionists and the evangelical abolitionists. The most uncompromising leader of the abolitionist movement was William Lloyd Garrison. Garrison worked with Benjamin Lundy, the publisher of the Genius of Universal Emancipation, an antislavery newspaper. In 1831 Garrison moved to Boston and founded his own antislavery weekly, The Liberator, which attracted many free-black subscribers. The Liberator called for immediate abolition of slavery without reimbursement to slaveholders. Weld joined the movement with Garrison as a leading abolitionist. Weld joined forces with Sarah and Angelina Grimke, whose father owned a plantation in South Carolina that they escaped from. They provided the abolitionist movement with a mass of evidence in American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses (1839). The book answered a simple question– “What is the actual condition of the slaves in the United States?” – It did this by providing eye witness accounts and testimonies from slaves and slave owners. Garrison and Weld met in Philadelphia with sixty delegates, black and white, from local abolitionist groups to establish it. Leaders developed a three-pronged plan of attack, in attempt to abolish slavery. The plan was to appeal to the public opinion, assist Africans who fled from slavery, and to seek support from state and national legislators. The abolitionist movement had only won over a small amount of white Americans. Northern opponents of abolitionism had turned to violence, often led by “gentlemen of property and standing.” Garrison and another leading abolitionist , Arthur Tappan, were often attacked and their houses were vandalized. The Georgia legislature offered a $5,000 reward to anyone who would kidnap Garrison and bring him south to be tried for inciting rebellion. President Andrew Jackson supported the south and their view on slavery. In 1835 he asked Congress to restrict the use of mails by abolitionist groups. When Congress did not comply the House of Representatives adopted the gag rule, which said antislavery petitions were automatically tabled when they were received Abolitionists were also divided among themselves with different views. At the convention of the American Anti-Slavery Society adopted in 1840 Garrison precipitated a split with more conservative abolitionists by insisting on equal participation by women and helping to elect Abby Kelley to the organization’s business committee. When the movement split, Abby Kelley and fellow women’s rights activists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton remained with Garrison in the American Anti-Slavery Society. Garrison’s opponents founded this new organization with the financial banking from Lewis Tappan. They focused strictly on ending slavery, and not on women’s rights. The society argued that the Constitution did not recognize slavery, and that the Fifth Amendment prevented the federal government from supporting slavery. .