Content: ● Classification Planets / Exoplanets / ● Overview Detection Methods ● Transits ● Transmission spectroscopy ● Heterodyn detection ● Radial velocities ● Rossiter-Mclaughin effect ● Signs for Live ● Outlook / Future missions (Bubble Chart from „Open exoplanet catalogue“ 19.1.2015) General: Planets of the solar system (Credit: Lunar&Planetary Institute) Definition: (IAU) Characteristics: ● Host system ● Orbits a star or starsystem ● Orbit ● Stable shape due to own gravity ● Mass ● Composition ● Has cleared its immediate neighbourhood ● Temperatur ● Geologic / atmosspheric activity ● To small for thermonuclear fusion processes ● Moons ● Life?? Detection methods: (Credit: „The Exoblanet Handbook“,Micheal Perryman 2011) Transmission spectroscopy / Transits: (Figure by Sara Saeger) (Figure from „The exoplanet hanbook“) Missions for Transit Detection: Corot: Kepler: (2006-2013) Keplers findings: (Source: Nasa Exoplanet Archive) Transmission / Emission spectroscopy: Atmospheric scale height: Contribution in flux: Transmission Signal = A - B Emission Signal = A - B Equilibrium temperatur model: Transmission / Emission spectroscopy: (Theoretical model of transmission spectrum for two known „hot jupiters“) Transmission / Emission spectroscopy: Sptzer Space Telescope: (Measurments by Spitzer Space Telescope , together with model) Instruments for trans./em. spectroscopy: Hubble Space Telescope: (Transit observations of HD 18977 by HST together with two diff. atmospheric modells) (HST Data of HD 209458 b) An alternative to gratings: Optical heterodyne detection: Radial velocities: Cross correlations: / Calibration: (Calibration with frequency comb) Harps: ● La Silla observatory in Chile ● Echelle spectrograph ● Feeded by 3.6m telescope (by optical fibers) ● Calibrated by spectrum of a Thorium lamp ● In Vacuum Vessel ● Down to 1 m/s accuracy Gliese 581e (Gliese 581 and Sun for size comparison) (Harps Data: Spectrum of HD142022 ) Rossiter–McLaughlin effect: (Rossiter–McLaughlin effect for HD 189733; Winn et al. , 2006) Signs for live / Biomarkers: (Simulated reflection of Earth with Clouds) (Simulated specrum for diff. methan concentraions) ● Deviations of chemical ballances What to look for: ● Traces of unusual complex molecul Future missions: James Webb Space Telescope ● long-wavelength visible to the mid-infrared ● High spectral resolution ● 6,5 meter primary mirror ● Scheduled launch in 2018 Thank you for your attention. Sources: ● The Exoplanet Handbook; Perryman 2011 ● Detection of atmospheric haze . ● Infrared Transmission spectroscopy, Deming 2013 ● http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/ ● http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/ ● seagerexoplanets.mit.edu/ ● Spectra as windows into ● exoplanet atmospheres, Burrows 2013 ● http://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/lasilla/instruments/harps.html ● http://jwst.nasa.gov/index.html .