AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 10 March 2021 Genus Colotis Hübner, [1819] Tips In: Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 97 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio amata Fabricius, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 146 (91-293).). [Extralimital] = Aphrodite Hübner, [1819] in Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 95 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio euippe Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Klots, 1933. Entomologica Americana 12: 152, 194 (139-242).). [Invalid; junior homonym of Aphrodite Link, 1807.] = Idmais Boisduval, 1836. In: [Roret, Suites à Buffon] Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Species général des Lépidopteres 1: 584 (690 pp.). Paris. Type-species: Pontia chrysonome Klug, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 196 (91-293).). = Callosune Doubleday, 1847 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 57 (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London. Type-species: Papilio danae Fabricius, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 132 (91-293).). = Anthopsyche Wallengren, 1857. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 10 (55 pp.). Type-species: Papilio achine Stoll, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 114 (91-293).). = Ptychopteryx Wallengren, 1857. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 17 (55 pp.). Type-species: Ptychopteryx bohemani Wallengren, by monotypy. [Invalid; junior homonym of Ptychopteryx Leech, 1817.] = Thespia Wallengren, 1858. Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm 15: 77 (75-84). [Replacement name for Ptychopteryx Wallengren.] = Calicharis Oberthür, 1876. Études d’Entomologie 1: 18 (1-74). Type-species: Anthocharis delphine Boisduval, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1939. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 8: 135 (133-138).) Synonym based on extralimital type-species: Madais Swinhoe, [1909]. The genus Colotis belongs to the Family Pieridae Swainson, 1820; Subfamily Pierinae 1 Swainson, 1820; Tribe Teracolini Reuter, 1896. The other genera in the Tribe Teracolini in the Afrotropical Region are Eronia, Teracolus, Calopieris, Pinacopteryx, Gideona and Afrodryas. Colotis (Tips) is a predominantly Afrotropical genus of about 44 species, 41 of which occur in the Afrotropical Region. Eleven of these species have distributions that extend extralimitally (Palaearctic and Oriental Regions). The species are divided into nine informal species-groups, following Nazari et al., 2011: Group I – Colotis etrida (Boisduval, 1836) (extralimital), Colotis ephyia Klug, 1829). Group II – Colotis aurora (Cramer, 1780) (extralimital), Colotis evarne (Klug, 1829), Colotis incretus (Butler, 1882), Colotis auxo (Lucas, 1852). Group III – Colotis antevippe (Boisduval, 1836), Colotis rogersi (Dixey, 1915), Colotis euippe (Linnaeus, 1758), Colotis pallene (Hopffer, 1855), Colotis hecqi Bouyer, 2018, Colotis lais (Butler, 1876), Colotis daira (Klug, 1829), Colotis evagore (Klug, 1829), Colotis evanthe (Boisduval, 1836). Group IV – Colotis liagore (Klug, 1829), Colotis evenina (Wallengren, 1857). Group V – Colotis annae (Wallengren, 1857), Colotis guenei (Mabille, 1877), Colotis danae (Fabricius, 1775). Group VI – Colotis protractus (Butler, 1876) (extralimital), Colotis fausta (Olivier, 1804), Colotis amata (Fabricius, 1775) (extralimital), Colotis calais (Cramer, 1775), Colotis castalis (Staudinger, 1885), Colotis phisadia (Godart, 1819). Group VII – Colotis zoe (Grandidier, 1867), Colotis celimene (Lucas, 1852), Colotis praeclarus (Butler, 1886). Group VIII – Colotis ungemachi (Le Cerf, 1922), Colotis doubledayi (Hopffer, 1862), Colotis chrysonome (Klug, 1829), Colotis vesta (Reiche, 1850), Colotis aurigineus (Butler, 1883). Group IX – Colotis protomedia (Klug, 1829), Colotis halimede (Klug, 1829), Colotis pleione (Klug, 1829), Colotis venosa (Staudinger,1884), Colotis mananhari (Ward,1870), Colotis regina (Trimen, 1863), Colotis hetaera (Gerstaecker, 1871), Colotis elgonensis (Sharpe, 1891), Colotis ione (Godart, 1819), Colotis erone (Angas, 1849), Colotis eunoma (Hopffer, 1855). Group I – etrida (extralimital), ephyia. *Colotis ephyia (Klug, [1829]) Small Sahel Orange Tip Pontia ephyia Klug, [1829] in Klug, [1829-45]. In: Ehrenberg, C.G., Symbolae Physicae, seu icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novarum aut minus cognitorum pl. 6 ([183] pp.). Colotis ephyia (Klug, 1829). Nazar et al., 2011. 2 Colotis ephyia. Male, wet season form. Left – upperside; right – underside. Khamis B. Saad, Yemen. October 1987. SCC. ABRI-2019-2714. Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. Colotis ephyia. Female, wet season form. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wadi Rima, Tihama, Yemen. October 1992. SCC. ABRI-2019-2715. Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. Type locality: Sudan: “Ambukohl”. Distribution: Chad, Sudan, Saudi Arabia (south-west), Yemen. Recorded, in error, from Angola by Druce (1875) and Weymer (1901). Specific localities: Sudan – Ambukohl (TL). Habitat: In Yemen and Saudi Arabia only on the coastal plains under Sahel conditions and sometimes in the company of Calopieris eulimene (Larsen, 1982). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Group II – aurora (extralimital), evarne, incretus, auxo. *Colotis evarne (Klug, [1829]) Northern Sulphur Orange Tip 3 Northern Sulphur Orange Tip (Colotis evarne). Nechisar N.P., Ethiopia. Image courtesy Pamela Sai. Pontia evarne Klug, [1829] in Klug, [1829-45]. In: Ehrenberg, C.G., Symbolae Physicae, seu icones et descriptiones corporum naturalium novarum aut minus cognitorum pl. 6 ([183] pp.). Colotis aurora evarne (Klug, 1829). Ackery et al., 1995. Colotis evarne (Klug, 1829). Nazari et al., 2011. stat. rev. Colotis evarne. Male, wet season form. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kenya. June 1998. SCC. ABRI-2019-2716. Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. Colotis evarne. Female, wet season form. Left – upperside; right – underside. Karama, Rwanda. November 1979. SCC. ABRI-2019-2717. Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. 4 Colotis evarne. Female, dry season form. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wadi Sharas, Hajjah, Yemen. October 1992. SCC. ABRI-2019-2718. Images M.C. Williams ex ABRI Collection. Painting of the type of phillipsi (= evarne) from the original publication (Butler, 1886) Alternative common name: African Plain Orange Tip (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2014). Type locality: Sudan: “Ambukohl”. Distribution: Mauritania, Senegal (northern half), Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin (north, south), Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, southern Arabia. Misattributed to the Mozambican fauna by Congdon et al., 2010?. Specific localities: Gambia – Brufut, Janjanbureh Island, Walikunda, Sapu (Jon Baker, pers. comm., May 2020). Ghana – Accra (Larsen, 2005a; a stray). Benin – see Coache et al., 2017. Nigeria – Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a). Democratic Republic of Congo – Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018). Sudan – Ambukohl (TL); Hor Tamanib (Butler, 1876); White Nile (Butler, 1876). Ethiopia – Harrar (Dufrane, 1947). Somalia – Afgoi (Niepelt, 1937). Kenya – Shimo-la-Teiva (Stoneham, 1939); Mambrui (Stoneham, 1939); Malindi (Stoneham, 1939); Tsavo National Park (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – lower slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro (Liseki & Vane-Wright, 2014). Habitat: Savanna. In West Africa in Sudan savanna (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Often found abundantly, together with C. annae, flying around stands of their larval host-plant (Cadaba species). Sympatric with the similar but faster-flying C. incretus in the south-east of Kenya, e.g. Tsavo National Park (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Cadaba species (Capparaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 134]. Capparis species (Capparaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318]. Maerua species (Capparaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 318]. citreus Butler, 1876 (as sp. of Teracolus). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1876: 162 (126-165). Sudan: “Hor Tamanib; White Nile”. xanthevarne Butler, 1876 (as sp. of Teracolus). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1876: 163 (126-165). Sudan: “White Nile”. phillipsi Butler, 1886 (as sp. of Teracolus). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 772 (756-776). Somalia: “Somali-Land”. sharpei Aurivillius, 1910 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as f. of Teracolus evarne philippsi). Die Gross- Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 60 (614 pp.). Somalia: “Somaliland”. 5 extrema Niepelt, 1937 (as f. of Teracolus evarne). Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage von Professor Dr. Embrik Strand 3: 557 (556-559). Somalia: “Afgoi”. butleri Stoneham, 1939 (as female f. of Colotis eucharis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (38): [2] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Shimo-la-Teiva, Kenya Coast”. mambrui Stoneham, 1939 (as female f. of Colotis eucharis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (38): [3] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Mambrui, Kenya Coast”. xanthecolus Stoneham, 1939 (as female f. of Colotis eucharis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (38): [3] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Mambrui, Kenya Coast”. albescens Stoneham, 1939 (as female