Participation and Inclusive Urbanization People An International Traveling Exhibition Building People Building Better Cities aims to exchange knowledge, build networks, and promote dialogue between communities, urban professionals, universities, non- governmental organizations, and policy makers on the challenges of equitable development, inclusive urbanization and Better climate change. Building on the work of Global Studio, an international educational program, this exhibition documents community- driven projects that share a common goal: the promotion of inclusive urbanization to improve the lives of the urban poor through innovations in participatory design Cities and planning. USA THAILAND south africa philiPpines KENYA INDIA COLOMBIA CHINA BRAZIL BANGLADESH AUstra lia For more information and resources on this topic — Use your smart phone’s QR Code reader. A Global Studio and Center for Sustainable Urban Development in the Earth Institute at Columbia University project to share and exchange knowledge, build networks, and promote dialogue between communities, urban practitioners, universities, NGOs and policy makers on people’s participation in meeting the challenge of inclusive urbanization and climate change. 1 PEOPLE BUILDING BETTER CITIES People Building Better Cities Around the world, too many people are excluded from the freedoms of development, and basic wants to provoke a conversation. entitlements: decent housing, security of tenure, and We invite your participation. access to water and sanitation, excluding them from prosperity and equal opportunity. New forms of urban education and practice can expand those freedoms. Working with people in low-income households and communities, urban professionals can better address the problems of the contemporary city and help unlock the benefits of development. Resilient, equitable, inclusive, smart, and sustainable cities require citizen involvement. For more information and resources on this topic — Use your smart phone’s QR Code reader. 2 Problems Inequality and Issues income inequality Income GINI Inequality is inequality COEFFICIENT Measured by the GINI GLOBALLY Co-efficient, where: the hallmark of 0 = perfect equality and everyone has the same income <.25 GINI 100 = perfect inequality and all the wealth goes to one person. cities in both the COEFFICIENT Globally developed and >.60 NO DATA developing world. The Atlantic, 2011, World Bank, CIA, US Census Bureau, OECD StatExtracts Inequality can cause exclusion by class, GINI COEFFICIENT SELECTED COUNTRIES PERFECT 75 100 race, gender, or ethnicity. It increases perFect 0 25 50 INEQUALITY vulnerability to disasters. It results EQualitY or 100 AUSTRALIA 34 The Gini coefficient is a measure in uneven access to housing, health, or 0 of income and wealth inequality. It does not reflect inequality within a BANGLADESH 32 employment, education, and income. country, and does not account for tax systems and social spending. BRAZIL 54.7 CHINA GINI Co-Efficient data from the World Bank, EVERYONE 46.9 = CIA, US Census Bureau, OECD StatExtracts ALL THE =HAS THE INDIA WEALTH SAME 36.8 GOES TO INCOME philippines 43 ONE PERSON Occupy south africa 63 One percent control 40% of wealth in the US. “Occupy THAILAND 40 Wall St” changed the USA political landscape in 2011, 45 and spread around the source: World Bank, Nation Master world. A populist movement, it has helped reframe WorlD’S MIDDle debates on inequality. 60% consuME 21.9% “Inequality undermines the strength of our economy and contributes to economic instability.” WorlD’S poorest —Joseph Stiglitz 20% consuME 1.5% The Price of Inequality: How Today’s Inequality Endangers Our Future, 2012 WorlD’S richest 20% consuME 76.6% SHARE OF THE WORLD'S PRIVATE CONSUMPTION 2005 source: World Bank 22+276 Development Indicators, 2008 inequality between people INEQUALITY IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT The Human Development Life Education Income human Index is a composite statistic of life expectancy, access to Expectancy development education, and income. Since 1990, the UNDP has used the index Globally index to rank countries into four source: UNDP, Sustainabilty tiers of human development. and Equity, HDI Report, 2011 source: UNDP, Sustainabilty and Equity, HDI Report, 2011 High huMAN DEVelopMent hUMan DevelopmenT index MEDIUM huMan DEVelopMent low huMAN DEVelopMent not ranKED Alexandra, Johannesburg, South Africa Women and human development index Selected countries children bear a 0.0 0.5 0.75 1 disproportionate AUSTRALIA .929 “Poverty is not natural… burden of the BANGLADESH .500 it is manmade, and world’s poverty. BRAZIL .718 An equitable city can be overcome by the CHINA requires gender equality. .687 INDIA In many cities, women .547 actions of human beings.” do not earn equal pay philippines for equal work and have .644 —Nelson Mandela, 2005 significant responsibility south africa .619 for raising children. Their voices need to be heard. THAILAND .682 USA .910 source: UNDP, Sustainability and Equity, HDI Report, 2011 For more information and resources on this topic — Use your smart phone’s QR Code reader. A Global Studio and CSUD at Columbia University project to share and exchange knowledge, build networks, and promote dialogue between communities, urban practitioners, universities, NGOs and policy makers on people’s participation in meeting the challenge of inclusive urbanization and climate change. 3 Population Growth Problems and Slums and Issues 25 Population ProjecteD population in 2020 URBAN population growth is an population in 2010 ‘Push and pull population in 2000 growth selected countries increasingly source: UN Habitat, State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011 20 factors’ draw people urban phenomenon, 15 to cities in search concentrated projected population 2010 in in the developing population 2010 in of jobs and a better 10 world. Today, in Miillions life. By 2020, 4.2 over one billion people 5 live in slums, 2000 in population billion people will including 0 56 million in population URBAN sydney dhaka riO campinas Beijing mumbai delhi ChennAI bangalore BhopaL NAIROBI manila johannesburg bangkok NEW YORK CHINA KENYA USA live in cities. the slums of AUstra BANGLADESH BRAZIL INDIA philippines south africa THAILAND developed countries. lia population growth globally projected total 7.7 7.1 7.3 6.9 6.1 urban population 5.3 of selected countries 2020 Total Urban Population (billions) CHINA In millions, each circle represents 4.2 Total Population 3.5 3.6 3.8 786,761 the scaleable ratio in relation to all 2.8 other countries 2.3 Urban Population USA source: UN Habitat: Climate Change and Cities 293,732 source: United Nations 2010 1990 2000 2010 2012 2015 2020 BANGLADESH Makeshift toilet Mumbai INDIA 62,886 THAILAND 463,328 27,800 globally People living in slums KENYA 13,826 Slum population philipPines projections in millions 57,657 BRAZIL (based on slum 187,104 AUstralia annual growth rate south africa 21,459 from 1990-2001) 924 1,145 1,477 35,060 source: UN Habitat 50,000,000 = PEOPLE source: Renu Desai 2001 2010 2020 In many cities, What is a SLUM? A dwelling with slum dwellers are one or more of the following: more than 60% of UNSAFE WATER LACK OF SANITATION the population but are rarely included in decisions about city development. POOR HOUSING OVERCROWDING LACK OF SECURE TENURE* STRUCTURES Sourced from UN Habitat * Secure tenure is the ability to live in a place without fear of eviction. “..the increasing polarization of the distribution of wealth and power are indelibly When included, the urban poor are a resource etched into the spatial form of our cities, which increasingly become cities of for achieving economic development and social fortified fragments, of gated communities and privatized public spaces kept under constant surveillance.” and environmental justice. — David Harvey Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution, 2012 For more information and resources on this topic — Use your smart phone’s QR Code reader. Population Growth Slums A Global Studio and CSUD at Columbia University project to share and exchange knowledge, build networks, and promote dialogue between communities, urban practitioners, universities, NGOs and policy makers on people’s participation in meeting the challenge of inclusive urbanization and climate change. 4 Problems Climate Change and Issues “Poor people living in slums are at particularly high risk from the impacts of climate change and natural hazards. They live on Rising Co2 Emissions The urban poor are the most vulnerable lands within cities, typically areas that are “CO2 emissions increased by 3% deemed undesirable by others, and are thus affordable. in 2011. These emissions were the highest in human history and 54% on the front line Residents are exposed to the impacts of landslides, sea level rise higher than in 1990. In 2011, coal and flooding. Exposure to risk is increased by overcrowded living burning was responsible for 43% of conditions, lack of adequate infrastructure and services, unsafe the total emissions, oil 34%, gas of climate change. housing, inadequate nutrition and poor health, These conditions 18%, and cement 5%.” can turn a natural hazard or change in climate into a disaster, and result in loss of basic services, damage or destruction to homes, — Global Carbon Project, 2012 Their homes and loss of livelihoods, malnutrition, disease, disability and loss of life.” livelihoods face Source: Baker, J., Climate Change Disaster Risk and the Urban Poor, 2011 greater risk from Reducing CO2 emissions CLIMATE CHANGE