國立中山大學中國與亞太區域研究所 碩士論文 National Sun Yat-sen University Institute of China and Asia-Pacific Studies Master Thesis 加 拿大與中國 的 關係發展 The Development of Canada’s Relations with China 研究生「 菲利普 Philippe Brunet 指導教授「顧長永 博士 Dr. Samuel CY Ku 中華民國 103年 6月 June 2014 摘 要 : ⽪耶爾 ．埃利奧特． 特魯多所領導的⾃由黨派政府因提出終⽌中國在國際 間被孤⽴的想法震驚了許多⼈。當時新上任的加拿⼤總理下定決⼼要確保他 的國家能承認共產政權。然⽽，由於當時與加拿⼤關係最為密切的盟友，美 國，並不認同此舉，中國與加拿⼤建交⼀度不被看好。這篇論⽂探討究竟是 何種原因驅使兩國政府能在歷史上如此敏感的時間點迅速地改變⾃⼰的⽴場。 除此之外，此論⽂也會去探討因兩國間所做出的改變⽽造成的負⾯影響。最 後，此論⽂會深⼊研究鞏固中加關係 的因素以及恐造成破壞彼此關係的潛在 因素。 關鍵字：政治、政治變化、加拿⼤、中國、美國、政府 Abstract: Pierre Elliott-Trudeau’s Liberal government shocked many by expressing his wish to end China’s international isolation. The new Canadian Prime Minister was determined to ensure that his country could recognize the Communist regime. Sino-Canadian rapprochement seemed impossible at a time when Canada’s closest ally, the United States was opposing the movement and China was shunned by the Western world. This thesis will explore the reasons that could explain how it is that the two governments suddenly shifted positions at such a politically sensitive moment in history. Furthermore, while existing accounts of Sino-Canadian rapprochement highlight both countries’ external relations, this thesis will explore the outcomes of such a political change. Lastly, this thesis will look into factors that keep the Canadian-Sino relation strong and factors that could potentially damage or rupture the relation. Key Words: Politics, Political Change, Canada, China, United States, Government. Table of Content: Introduction . 1 Research Motives . 1 Research Purpose . 2 Research methods . 2 Research Approach . 3 Littereture Review . 3 Structure of Thesis . 6 Chapter 1: Canada in Asia . 8 History of Canada and China . 8 History of Canada and Japan . 9 Why Canada leaned towards China . 10 Trudeau’s Role . 13 Canadian perspective in the “One China” policy . 15 Chapter 2: Political and Economical Impacts . 24 How the relation with China evolved . 34 The consequences of ignoring Japan . 28 The creation of the Asia Pacific Foundation Act . 31 Canada and the United States post Canadian-Sino relation . 32 Chapter 3: Contemporary Issues . 36 Chinese immigration to Canada . 36 Possible causes for rupture . 39 The Conservative Harper government . 40 Canada, China, Taiwan and the case of Kosovo . 45 Conclusion . 49 Bibliography . 53 Tables: Table 1: Percentage of Canadians Supporting Recognition of the PRC, 1950-1966 . 26 Table 2: Share of the Japanese Import Market, Selected Countries (%) . 30 Table 3: Foreign Investment in Canada . 35 Table 4: Flows of People from China to Canada at the Turn of the 21st Century . 38 Abbreviations: Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada APFC Association of Southeast Asian Nation ASEAN Canada-China Scholars’ Exchange Program CCSEP Foreign Direct Investment FDI Kuomintang, Nationalist Party KMT General Preferable Tariff GPT North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO People’s Republic of China PRC Republic of China ROC United States US Introduction: The relationship between Canada and China was, for quite a while, was seen as an addition to the American’s relation with China. This is reflected by the fact that Sino-American relations have overshadowed the vast majority of scholarly study of Canada-China relations. While it is true that its southern neighbor, on all levels, influenced Canada during the Cold War period, a change in federal government saw Canada establishing its own foreign policy. Before Pierre Elliott-Trudeau, Canada followed the United State’s example in foreign policy, and agreed on the majority of issues. For many years, it was no secret that Canada’s main concern regarding foreign affairs was its relationship with the United States. In comparison, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) clearly did not rank as high as the United States did on Ottawa’s policy agenda. As a matter of fact, before Trudeau took power, Canada was seen as an “American Satellite” on the international scene. For Canada, the rapprochement to China marked a new day. Gone where the days where foreign policy was dictated by others and in where the times where Canada would seek to meet its own interests and reach its own goals as a nation. Research Motives: Canada is a country that benefits from having a respectable and peaceful reputation. Like other countries, that reputation can hide a darker and mysterious past. Canada’s place in Asia has indeed quite the history. Since the end of World War II, interdependence among nation-states, particularly in economic and political affairs has become predominant characteristics of the 1 international system. National interests such as security and political ties are still important and still key factors in world politics. Why certain countries choose to align themselves with others and over who is something that has always been of interest to me. When it comes to writing on international relations, regardless of the country, one can find any alignment, with any country. However, very few scholars have tackled a comparative approach to alliances between countries, especially concerning Canada and China. This lack of writing is what has pushed me to explore Canada’s role in China’s rapprochement to the rest of the world, how it impacted Canada and its other relations as well as how Canadian-Sino relations have developed. Research Purpose: This thesis is devoted to the study of Canada’s political alignment in Asia. The goal is to explore the reasoning behind Canada’s choice in establishing political ties with China in 1970, and moving away from Japan as by doing so. This paper will aim to examine the decision process as well as the establishment of the Canadian-Sino relationship. It will also explore the outcomes of this relation and ponder on what keeps Canada and China together today and what could potentially break them up. Research Methods: For the development of this thesis, I intend on using the content analysis and document analysis for my thesis. This is a form of qualitative research in which documents are interpreted by the researcher to give voice and meaning around an assessment topic. Documents are analyzed externally (e.g. author, 2 timeframe, place where the document was produced, category in which the document falls, what is the intended audience of the document), as well as internally (e.g. content, credibility of the content). Furthermore, I have the intension of using Canada’s public works. An example being “StatsCan,” which is available to anyone and has great information for everything statistics and number related. Canada has laws in place, which requires the government to publish everything it does, and wishes to do. These publications include, amongst other things, trades, investments as well as many other government related statistics. Research Approach: The approach to my thesis is very simple and very specific; I will use the specific area and academic approach. This qualitative approach aims to analyze official documents, scholarly publications, journals, newspapers and speeches. It is also essential to point out that this thesis will have its focus on the Canadian side, due to the lack of access to the important PRC archives, which remain closed to the public, as well as the linguistic challenge that is mandarin. Literature Review: Discussions of Ottawa’s recognition of the People’s Republic of China in late 1970 has, more often than not, focused on the level of high politics and the ending of Communist China’s international isolation. 3 Some of the existing works places a particular importance on external demands in their analyses on Canadian-Sino relations and a number of experts suggest that Ottawa’s refusal of close relations with the PRC before 1970 was a “Cold War problem” that the Canadian government had to “solve.”1 As Bruce Gilley states in his article “Reawakening Canada’s China Policy,” “Virtually every scholarly work on the Canadian switch from non- recognition of China during the period of Maoist terror to recognition in 1970 has portrayed the former as an aberrant policy driven by some combination of Washington Cold War sentiments and hopelessly ignorant misunderstandings of China.”2 In short, for political historians, the “1970 handshake” is essential in the study of the history of Canada-China relations because it marked the end of one era and the beginning of a new, independent Canada. In a broader context, the establishment of diplomatic relation could be used to look at the two countries’ relationships with the world community at the time. It’s only after establishing ties with Canada that the People’s Republic of China was allowed to take a seat at the United Nations. Prime Minister Trudeau’s foreign policy, including his government’s recognition of Maoist China, had a direct impact upon American attitudes and policies. It also allowed Canada to solidify its image as a strong willed country who looked at the needs of many over that of the few. Literature on Sino-Canadian relations tends to focus on three points: 1 F.Q. Quo and Akira Ichikawa (1972), Paul Evans (1991), John M. Robson (1968), Canadian Institute of International Affairs (1968) & Henry F. Angus (1953). 2 Bruce Gilley, “Reawakening Canada’s China Policy,” Canadian Foreign Policy. March 2008: 122. 4 ! Canada’s identity on the international scene has a role in how the country interacts with others as well as an impact on how they perceive the country. ! Chinese immigration to Canada is an essential part of the country’s growth. It also creates a closer relationship to China that connects the two in a deeper way. ! China now represents a threat to Canada as it is becoming more and more involved in Canadian issues, this developing a Canadian dependency for China. The first point deals with Canada’s image on the international scene.