Notes Introduction 1. Nancy Mitford, Christmas Pudding (1932; New York: Carroll & Graf, 1998), 60, 124. 2. William J. Parker, The Detective and Mr. Dickens (New York: St. Martin’s, 1990). 3. In 2001, the Call for Papers for a conference on diaries announced that “diaries and journals have tended to be neglected by research” (Jonathan Hughes, “CFP: The Diary Genre,” 26 June 2001, Literary Call for Papers Mailing List, 22 November 2004, http://cfp.english.upenn.edu/archive/2001-06/0107.html). Searching for the keywords “diary” and “diaries” in the MLA Online Index in 2007 brought up 3,413 articles. 4. For an excellent overview of diary criticism through the mid-1990s, see Stuart Sherman, Telling Time: Clocks, Diaries, and English Diurnal Form 1660–1785 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 13–14, 283–84. Landmark texts in the fi eld include Arthur Ponsonby, English Diaries (London: Methuen, 1923); Robert Fothergill, Private Chronicles: A Study of English Diaries (London: Oxford University Press, 1974); Thomas Mallon, A Book of One’s Own: People and Their Diaries (New York: Ticknor & Fields, 1984); Lawrence Rosenwald, Emerson and the Art of the Diary (New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988); and Felicity Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject: Gender and Ideology in Eighteenth-Century England (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989). Feminist diary scholarship has its own landmarks, including, besides Nussbaum, Elizabeth Hampsten, Read This Only to Yourself: The Private Writings of Midwestern Women: 1880–1910 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1982); Lillian Schlissel, Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey (New York: Schocken Books, 1982); Harriet Blodgett, Centuries of Female Days: Englishwomen’s Private Diaries (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1988); and Suzanne L. Bunkers and Cynthia A. Huff, eds., Inscribing the Daily: Critical Essays on Women’s Diaries (Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996). Important diary scholarship has been produced by diary editors, especially Robert Latham and William Matthews who super- vised the production of the magisterial scholarly edition, The Diary of Samuel Pepys (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1970–1983). Among 190 ● Notes numerous articles, some of the most useful include William Matthews, “The Diary: A Neglected Genre,” Sewanee Review 85.2 (Spring 1977): 286–99; Judy Nolte Lensink, “Expanding the Boundaries of Criticism: The Diary as Female Autobiography,” Women’s Studies 14 (1987): 39–53; and Suzanne L. Bunkers, “Subjectivity and Self-Refl exivity in the Study of Women’s Diaries as Autobiography,” a/b: Auto/Biography Studies 5.2 (Fall 1990): 114–23. 5. Fothergill, Private Chronicles, 34; P. A. Spalding, Self-Harvest: A Study of Diaries and Diarists (London: Independent Press, 1949), 65. 6. For the one, see Sherman, Telling Time, and Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject. For the other, see Fothergill, Private Chronicles, and Elizabeth Podnieks, Daily Modernism: The Literary Diaries of Virginia Woolf, Antonia White, Elizabeth Smart, and Anaïs Nin (Montreal and Kingston; London; Ithaca: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2000). 7. See Hampsten, Read This Only to Yourself; Schlissel, Women’s Diaries of the Westward Journey; Lensink, “Expanding the Boundaries of Criticism”; and Bunkers, “Subjectivity and Self-Refl exivity.” 8. Martin Hewitt, “Diary, Autobiography, and the Practice of Life History,” in Life Writing and Victorian Culture, ed. David Amigoni (Aldershot; Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2006), 21–39; Cynthia Huff, British Women’s Diaries: A Descriptive Bibliography of Selected Nineteenth-Century Women’s Manuscript Diaries (New York: AMS Press, 1985); Catherine Delafi eld. Women’s Diaries as Narrative in the Nineteenth-Century Novel (Surrey: Ashgate, 2009). Nineteenth- century diaries appear in signifi cant numbers in thematically organized books, like those of Ponsonby, Mallon, and Blodgett, but such works are largely ahis- torical in their interests. 9. See William Matthews, British Diaries: An Annotated Bibliography of British Diaries Written Between 1442 and 1942 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1950); John Stuart Batts, British Manuscript Diaries of the Nineteenth Century (Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefi eld, 1976); Patricia Pate Havlice, And So To Bed: A Bibliography of Diaries Published in English (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1987); and C. S. Handley, An Annotated Bibliography of Diaries Printed in English (CD-ROM. Tyne and Wear: Hanover Press, 2003). While such works cannot account for destroyed or as-yet-undiscovered diaries, their fi gures can be taken as an approximate if imprecise guide. 10. Cinthia Gannett, Gender and the Journal: Diaries and Academic Discourse (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 1992), 114; Frederick Locker-Lampson, “Letts’s Pocket Diary and Almanac for 1862,” HM 45378, vol. 2, ms., Huntington Library, San Marino, CA. 11. In his introduction to The Shorter Pepys (1985; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), Robert Latham states broadly that “the practice of keeping diaries seems to have become increasingly common in England from Elizabethan times, and had several specifi c origins, apart from the growth of literacy in general. In many cases it was a development from the keeping of household accounts. In other cases it refl ected an interest in travel—a favorite subject. But perhaps it was the habit of self-examination encouraged by Protestantism, and the growing Notes ● 191 interest in public affairs, that more than anything else stimulated the practice” (xxxiii). While Latham is talking about the mid-seventeenth century, his description could easily apply to the nineteenth. 12. Frances Burney, The Early Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney, ed. Lars Troide, vol. 1 (Kingston; Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988), 2. For a discussion of privacy in Burney’s early diaries, see Patricia Spacks, Privacy: Concealing the Eighteenth-Century Self (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2003), 190–95. 13. Nussbaum, The Autobiographical Subject, 24; Sherman, Telling Time, 21, 25, 26; Spacks, Privacy, 167–95. 14. Critical works aimed at establishing the diary as art or literature include Fothergill, Private Chronicles; Steven E. Kagle’s three-volume series, American Diary Literature (Boston: G. K. Hall; Twayne, 1979–1988); and, in a feminist vein, Judy Simon, Diaries and Journals of Literary Women from Fanny Burney to Virginia Woolf (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1990), and Podnieks, Daily Modernism. 15. Rosenwald, Emerson and the Art of the Diary, 27–28. 16. Manuscript research is only gradually becoming the norm in diary scholarship, which for decades rested almost wholly upon published texts, perhaps due to a general acceptance of Blodgett’s assumption: “I suspect that manuscript diaries will largely sustain the conclusions I have drawn about published ones. I found no great differences in characteristics between the published diaries that have been reproduced entire and those that have been extracted” (17–18). By eliding the editorial process and defi ning the “characteristics” of the diary solely on the basis of its text, such a statement unconstructively limits the purview of diary studies. 17. Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven Rendall (1984; Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 1988), xiii. 18. Michel Foucault, Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, ed. L. H. Martin, H. Gutman, P. H. Hutton (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988); E. P. Thompson, “Time, Work-Discipline, and Industrial Capitalism,” Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture (New York: The New Press, 1991), 352–403. 19. de Certeau, Practice of Everyday Life, xiv. 20. Ibid., xviii. 21. Fothergill, Private Chronicles, 43, 37. 22. For working-class autobiographical writing, see John Burnett, David Vincent, and David Mayall, The Autobiography of the Working Class: An Annotated, Critical Biography (New York: New York University Press, 1984–1989); Regenia Gagnier, Subjectivities: A History of Self-Representation in Britain, 1832–1920 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). 23. Fothergill, Private Chronicles, 3. 24. Blodgett, Centuries of Female Days, 13. 25. Spalding, Self-Harvest, 9–10, 12. 26. Matthews, “The Diary,” 286–87. 192 ● Notes 27. Gannett, Gender and the Journal, 21. 28. Blodgett, Centuries of Female Days, 39. 29. William Gass, “The Art of the Self: Autobiography in an Age of Narcissism,” Harper’s Magazine, May 1994: 48–49. 30. Lorna Martens, The Diary Novel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 27–30. 31. Ponsonby, English Diaries, 5; Fothergill, Private Chronicles, 3. Chapter 1 1. Philip Kelley and Ronald Hudson, ed., Diary by E.B.B.: The Unpublished Diary of Elizabeth Barrett Barrett, 1831–1832 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1969), 1. Further references will be given parenthetically in the text. The text of this edition is formatted to indicate all manuscript alterations, but for readerly ease I have omitted this formatting from the quotations here. 2. In 1831, Barrett wrote the diary on folded sheets of paper that were later sewn together. In 1832, she shifted to a leather-bound volume she had been using for reading notes. Of the original 144 pages of writing in this volume, fi fty-six full pages and eighteen parts of pages were excised at a later date, presumably by her brother George (xxxiii). 3. The diary was not published in full until 1969, so important works