Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) State Planning Organization The Republic of Turkey THE STUDY ON THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY (DOKAP) Final Report Volume V Environment August 2000 NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. RECS INTERNATIONAL INC. LIST OF REPORTS (This Volume is indicated by ) Volume I Executive Summary Volume II Master Plan Volume III Economic Sectors Volume IV Social Sectors Volume V Environment Volume VI Spatial Development and Infrastructure Volume VII Institutional Development Volume VIII Project Reports Currency Equivalents US$ 1 = 462,280 TL 1,000 TL = US$0.00216 (September, 1999) THE STUDY ON THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR THE EASTERN BLACK SEA REGION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY Final Report Volume V Environment Table of Contents page CHAPTER 1 EXISTING CONDITIONS OF DOKAP REGION.............................. 1-1 1.1 Natural Conditions ........................................................................................ 1-1 1.1.1 Geography....................................................................................... 1-1 1.1.2 Mountains........................................................................................ 1-2 1.1.3 Black Sea......................................................................................... 1-3 1.1.4 Rivers and lakes............................................................................... 1-5 1.1.5 Climate ............................................................................................ 1-6 1.2 Flora and Fauna............................................................................................. 1-7 1.2.1 Significance of Turkish flora and fauna............................................. 1-7 1.2.2 Characteristics of DOKAP flora and fauna........................................ 1-9 1.3 Flora of the DOKAP Region.......................................................................... 1-9 1.3.1 Significance of DOKAP flora ........................................................... 1-9 1.3.2 Forest ecosystems............................................................................ 1-10 1.3.3 Important forest ecosystems............................................................. 1-11 1.3.4 Vegetation of the region................................................................... 1-11 1.4 Fauna of the DOKAP Region......................................................................... 1-14 1.4.1 Birds................................................................................................ 1-14 1.4.2 Mammals ......................................................................................... 1-16 1.5 Human Habitats and Environment.................................................................. 1-16 1.5.1 Air quality........................................................................................ 1-17 1.5.2 Water quality.................................................................................... 1-19 1.5.3 Organized Industrial Zones............................................................... 1-20 1.6 Marine and Coastal Environment ................................................................... 1-21 1.6.1 Marine environment ......................................................................... 1-21 1.6.2 Coastal environment......................................................................... 1-22 i CHAPTER 2 PROTECTED AREA MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION....... 2-1 2.1 Institutional Arrangements for Protected Areas.............................................. 2-1 2.1.1 Ministry of Forestry ......................................................................... 2-1 2.1.2 Ministry of Environment .................................................................. 2-3 2.1.3 Ministry of Culture........................................................................... 2-4 2.1.4 Other institutions ............................................................................. 2-4 2.1.5 Role of NGOs and other institutions................................................. 2-5 2.2 Protected Areas in Turkey (National Parks System) ....................................... 2-5 2.3 Conservation Programs ................................................................................. 2-8 2.3.1 Important Bird Areas (IBA) ............................................................. 2-8 2.3.2 Other interventions by international organizations............................. 2-9 CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR............................................................................................. 3-1 3.1 Issues Affecting Overall Environmental Sector of DOKAP Regional Development ................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1.1 Constraints identified by National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) ........................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Constraints of DOKAP environmental sector.................................... 3-1 3.1.3 Goals and objectives of DOKAP environmental sector ..................... 3-5 3.1.4 Overall strategy of environmental sector........................................... 3-7 3.2 Strategy for Forest Ecosystem....................................................................... 3-10 3.2.1 Constraints....................................................................................... 3-10 3.2.2 Objectives........................................................................................ 3-15 3.2.3 Strategy ........................................................................................... 3-15 3.3 Marine Ecosystem......................................................................................... 3-23 3.3.1 Constraints....................................................................................... 3-23 3.3.2 Development objectives ................................................................... 3-24 3.3.3 Strategy ........................................................................................... 3-25 3.4 Urban Environment ....................................................................................... 3-27 3.4.1 Constraints....................................................................................... 3-27 3.4.2 Development objectives ................................................................... 3-28 3.4.3 Strategy ........................................................................................... 3-28 3.5 Rural Environment ........................................................................................ 3-31 3.5.1 Constraints....................................................................................... 3-31 3.5.2 Development objectives ................................................................... 3-32 3.5.3 Strategy ........................................................................................... 3-32 ii List of Tables Table 1.1 Principle Watersheds in the DOKAP Region.......................................... 1-6 Table 1.2 Climates of Selected Provinces.............................................................. 1-7 Table 1.3 Plant Diversity and Endemism in the Western Palaearctic....................... 1-8 Table 1.4 Examples of Domestic Plants Originated from Turkey........................... 1-9 Table 1.5 Examples of Threatened Bird Species in the DOKAP Region ................ 1-16 Table 1.6 Average Yearly SO2 Concentrations and Change at Observation Stations in the DOKAP Region ............................................................. 1-18 Table 1.7 Average Yearly Particular Concentrations and Change at Observation Stations in the DOKAP Region.......................................... 1-18 Table 1.8 Motor Vehicles in the DOKAP Region (1997) ....................................... 1-19 Table 2.1 National Park Systems in the DOKAP Region ....................................... 2-7 Table 3.1 Consequences of Managerial Constraints............................................... 3-2 Table 3.2 Characterizations on DOKAP Regional Development Scenario (Summary)............................................................................................ 3-6 Table 3.3 Comparisons of Protected Areas in the DOKAP Region ........................ 3-13 Table 3.4 Comparisons of Forest Activities and Market Value............................... 3-16 Table 3.5 Existing Gene Resources Conservation Programs in Turkey .................. 3-20 Table 3.6 Zoning in the Protected Areas ............................................................... 3-21 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Black Sea and Neighboring Countries ................................................... 1-4 Figure 1.2 Location of Old Growth Forests in Trabzon and Artvin ......................... 1-11 Figure 2.1 Organizational Arrangement of GDNPGW and Protected Lands............ 2-3 Figure 3.1 Common Goals of Environmental Sector (Image).................................. 3-7 Appendix 1 Examples of Endemic Species Found in the DOKAP Region Appendix 2 Important Forest Ecosystems in the DOKAP Region Appendix 3 Examples of Migrating Raptors Counts in the DOKAP Region Appendix 4 Sedentary and Migratory Birds Found in the DOKAP Region Appendix 5 Fauna Observed in the DOKAP Region Appendix 6 Applying Collaborative Approach to Forest Management in the DOKAP Region Appendix 7 List of Environmental Laws and Regulations iii ABBREVIATIONS AGM General Directorate of