brain sciences New Research in Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder and Major Depression Edited by Bruno Aouizerate and Emmanuel Haffen Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Brain Sciences www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci New Research in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Major Depression New Research in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Major Depression Special Issue Editors Bruno Aouizerate Emmanuel Haffen MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Bruno Aouizerate Poleˆ de Psychiatrie Geen´ erale´ et Universitaire, Centre de ref´ erence´ regional´ des pathologies anxieuses et de la depression,´ Centre Expert Depression´ Resistante´ FondaMental, CH Charles Perrens, NutriNeuro, UMR INRA 1286, Universite´ de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France France Emmanuel Haffen University Hospital of Besanc¸on France Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425) in 2018 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/ special_issues/OCD_major_depression) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-090-9 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-091-6 (PDF) c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editors ..................................... vii Bruno Aouizerate and Emmanuel Haffen New Research in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Major Depression Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 140, doi:10.3390/brainsci9060140 ................. 1 Jer´ omeˆ Brunelin, Marine Mondino, Remy´ Bation, Ulrich Palm, Mohamed Saoud and Emmanuel Poulet Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 37, doi:10.3390/brainsci8020037 .................. 3 Marion Rochet, Wissam El-Hage, Sami Richa, Fran¸coisKazour and Boriana Atanasova Depression, Olfaction, and Quality of Life: A Mutual Relationship Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 80, doi:10.3390/brainsci8050080 .................. 14 Djamila Bennabi and Emmanuel Haffen Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS): A Promising Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder? Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 81, doi:10.3390/brainsci8050081 .................. 36 Xavier Briffault, Margot Morgi`eveand Philippe Courtet From e-Health to i-Health: Prospective Reflexions on the Use of Intelligent Systems in Mental Health Care Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 98, doi:10.3390/brainsci8060098 .................. 46 Hugues Lamothe, Jean-Marc Baleyte, Pauline Smith, Antoine Pelissolo and Luc Mallet Individualized Immunological Data for Precise Classification of OCD Patients Reprinted from: Brain Sci. 2018, 8, 149, doi:10.3390/brainsci8080149 ................. 62 v About the Special Issue Editors Bruno Aouizerate Bruno Aouizerate is professor of psychiatry at the University of Bordeaux (France). He is the head of the regional reference center for the assessment and management of anxiety and depressive disorders (Hospital Charles Perrens, Bordeaux) and an active member and coordinator of the French network of Expert Centers for Resistant Depression within the Fondation FondaMental. He also belongs to the nutrition and psychoneuroimmunology research team in the NutriNeuro laboratory (UMR INRA 1286, Bordeaux). He has coordinated or participated in several funded human research projects mainly focused on the study of pathophysiological determinants and therapeutic applications in major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder. He is in charge of the axis “Mental disorders” of the FHU “Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment of Neurological, Psychiatric, Metabolic and Sleep Disorders”. Finally, he has authored more than 100 peer-reviewed publications. Emmanuel Haffen (MD, PhD, University Hospital of Besanc¸on) is professor of psychiatry at the University Hospital of Besanc¸on. He leads the Laboratory of Clinical and Integrative Neurosciences of the University of Bourgogne Franche-Comte´ and the Center of Clinical Investigation of the University Hospital of Besanc¸on (CIC 1431-INSERM). He coordinates the research networks of the Fondation FondaMental and is the president of AFPBN (French Association of Biological Psychiatry, member of the WFSBP). vii brain sciences Editorial New Research in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Major Depression Bruno Aouizerate 1,* and Emmanuel Haffen 2,* 1 Pôle de Psychiatrie Générale et Universitaire, Centre de référence régional des pathologies anxieuses et de la dépression, Centre Expert Dépression Résistante FondaMental, CH Charles Perrens, NutriNeuro, UMR INRA 1286, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France 2 Service de Psychiatrie, CIC-1431 INSERM, CHU de Besançon, laboratoire de Neurosciences, univ. Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, 25030 Créteil, France * [email protected] (B.A.); emmanuel.haff[email protected] (E.H.) Received: 13 June 2019; Accepted: 14 June 2019; Published: 17 June 2019 Major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are among the most frequent psychiatric disorders in the general population. They are also frequently associated with one another in daily clinical practice. They generate severe emotional distress and marked impairment in general functioning. They are both characterized by a chronic and/or recurrent course, thereby leading to a profound deterioration of quality of life. Despite significant advances in pharmacological and psychological therapies, 20–30% of patients still respond unsuccessfully to standard medical treatment strategies for these disorders. In this context, one of the major outstanding research challenges is to better identify precise phenotypic profiles through the validation of innovative numerical tools, enabling the online recording and monitoring of the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components underlying the expression of clinical phenotypes. This is nicely addressed in the article by Briffault et al. [1] from the perspective of opening new “symptoms networks” for the promotion of more homogenous diagnostic categories in psychiatry. In parallel, the development of relevant experimental paradigms is useful for the assessment of disturbances in sensory processes related to the olfactory sphere, which are classically observed in major depression, as part of the core dimensions/symptoms, such as anhedonia, primarily referring to a reduced feeling of pleasure from usually enjoyable activities. This kind of research receives particular attention from Rochet et al. [2] considering both anatomical and functional findings and relying on a translational approach ranging from laboratory animal models to humans for the determination of the brain regions that are more commonly implicated in olfaction, hedonic processes, and major depression. Additionally, there is a large body of literature supporting the implication of biological mechanisms, among which immune function with an abnormal inflammatory response is most often cited. This “inflammatory” theory, which was largely documented in the area of depression, was more recently extended to OCD, as in the article by Lamothe et al. [3] which examines cytokine profiles and white blood cell populations. The authors have also investigated relationships with streptococcal infections and the PANDAS generating a large constellation of neuropsychiatric conditions, especially including OCD that is mainly mediated by disruption in the basal ganglia, which are particularly vulnerable to antineuronal antibodies relying on stimulated autoimmune processes. Beyond the description of these pathophysiological determinants, the articles by Brunelin et al. [4] and Bennabi et al. [5] are respectively dedicated to therapeutic challenges in the utilization of the non-invasive brain stimulation technique tDCS in chronic forms of OCD and major depression that are unresponsive to the conventional medical treatments. Although data are still scarce, tDCS seems to represent a promising alternative for the management of major depression and OCD in substantially reducing the clinical severity with relatively good tolerability. However, these beneficial effects remain to be further confirmed in larger and controlled studies in order to alleviate the methodological concerns that could be raised in the already published trials. To conclude, Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 140; doi:0.3390/brainsci90601401 www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 140 this Special Issue will therefore provide precious information at the clinical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic levels that could be helpful to a wide readership, ranging from mental health professionals to basic/clinical researchers with a significant interest in increasing their knowledge in the field of major depression and OCD. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Briffault, X.; Morgiève, M.; Courtet, P. From e-Health to i-Health: Prospective Reflexions