03D 1 31 .; qg- JLS-0033 ARMS AND ARMOR OF EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA An Interactive Qualifying Project Report: Submitted to the Faculty Of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Computer Science By Dan Adams Wei-Yu Chen Sean Gardell Eric Kelley John LaFleur Date: April 10, 2003 Approved: Professor Jeffrey Forgeng 1. East and Southeast Asia 2. Arms 3. Armor 1 Abstract This project, working in conjunction with the Higgins Armory Museum, created a web-based database for the museum's collection of artifacts from East and Southeast Asia, excluding Japan. It also documented the history, military history, and arms and armor of the region. Photographs were taken of the artifacts and linked with the database. The web-based database is searchable on multiple fields and contains the relevant information about the artifacts. 2 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 8 CHINESE HISTORY (WEI-YU CHEN) 11 Myths and Legends 11 Creation of the World and Humans 11 The Yellow Emperor and the first Dynasty 12 The Shang Dynasty 13 The Zhou Dynasty 13 The Qin Dynasty 16 The Han Dynasty 17 The Three Kingdoms 19 The Time of Division 20 The Sui Dynasty 22 The Tang Dynasty 23 The Song Dynasty 26 The Mongols in Central Asia 28 China under Alien Rule 30 End of the Yuan Dynasty 31 The Ming Dynasty 32 The End of the Ming Dynasty 34 The Last Dynasty — Qing 35 The Fall of the Qing Dynasty 37 Modern Chinese History 38 KOREAN HISTORY (WEI-YU CHEN) 39 Prehistoric Period 39 3 The Use of Bronze 39 The Old Cho-Sun 41 Kingdoms period 43 The Go-Ryu Kingdom (from 10 th to 14 th century) 45 Cho-Sun Dynasty (from the 15 th to the end of the 19 th century) 47 Modern Korean History 48 ARMS AND ARMOR OF CHINA (JOHN LAFLEUR) 50 Prehistory through the Ming Dynasty 50 Early History 50 Knives and Swords 52 Polearms 54 The Bow and Crossbow 55 Firearms 55 Armor 57 Shields 58 Mongol And Other Nomadic Influences 59 Korean Arms and Armor 60 Tibetan Arms and Armor 61 HISTORY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA (ERIC KELLEY) 64 Introduction 64 Burma 68 Thailand 72 Malaya 78 Indonesia 85 Philippines 91 New Guinea 98 SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARMS AND ARMOR (DAN ADAMS) 101 4 Introduction 101 Kris 102 Sundang 115 Parang 116 Parang Bedak 116 Parang Bengkok 116 Parang Ginah 117 Parang Ihlang 117 Parang Jengok 120 Parang Latok 121 Parang Nabur 121 Piso (Pisau) 122 Piso Gading 122 Piso Halasan 123 Piso Ni Datu 123 Piso Raout 124 Piso Sanalenggam 124 Panabas 125 Klewang 125 Badek 126 Barong 127 Golok 128 Kampilan 129 Burmese Dha 130 North Burmese Dao 131 Pedang 131 First type of pedang 132 Second type of pedang 133 Third type of pedang 133 Talibon 134 Gunpowder weapons 134 Lantaka 134 Armor, Helmets, and Shields 135 Armor 136 Helmets 138 Shields 139 Baluse 140 Kanta 140 Tameng 141 5 Conclusion 141 MILITARY ASPECTS OF CHINA (SEAN GARDELL) 142 Zhou (1100 BC — 250 BC) 142 Warring States Period and Qin (481 BC — 206 BC) 145 Terracotta Warriors of Shihuang 147 Han Dynasty (202 BC — AD 220) 151 Tang and the Five Dynasties (AD 618 — AD 960) 152 MILITARY ASPECTS OF KOREA (SEAN GARDELL) 153 MILITARY ASPECTS OF THAILAND (SEAN GARDELL) 155 MARTIAL ARTS (SEAN GARDELL) 157 CONCLUSION 159 BIBLIOGRAPHY 164 1 .General History and General Arms and Armor Information 164 1.1 General Arms and Armor sources 164 1.2 General History 164 1.3 Military History and Martial Arts 165 2. Southeast Asia 165 2.1Malaya 165 2.1.1 Arms and Armor 165 2.1.2 History 165 2.1.3 Military History and Martial Arts 165 2.2Philippines 166 2.2.1 Arms and Armor 166 2.2.1 History 166 2.2.1 Military History and Martial Arts 166 2.3 Indonesia 167 2.3.1 Arms and Armor 167 2.3.2 History 167 2.3.3 Military History and Martial Arts 167 2.4 Thailand 168 2.4.1 Arms and Armor 168 2.4.2 History 168 2.4.3 Military History and Martial Arts 168 2.5 Burma 168 2.5.1 Arms and Armors 168 2.5.2 Arms and Armor 168 2.5.3 Military History and Martial Arts 168 6 3. East Asian 169 3.1 General History and Arms and Armor 169 3.1.1 Arms and Armor 169 3.1.2 History 169 3.1.3 Military History and Martial Arts 169 3.2 China 169 3.2.1 Arms and Armor 170 3.2.2 History 170 3.2.3 Military History and Martial Arts 170 3.3 Tibet 170 3.3.1 Arms and Armor 170 3.3.2 History 1 71 3.3.3 Military History and Martial Arts 171 3.4 Mongols 171 3.4.1 Arms and Armor 171 3.4.2 History 171 3.4.3 Military History 171 3.5 Korea 171 3.5.1 Arms and Armor 171 3.5.2 History 172 3.5.3 Military History and Martial Arts 172 Web-related Resources 172 ABOUT THE IQP TEAM 174 7 Introduction The purpose of this project was to study the artifacts from East Asia and Southeast Asia from the Higgins Armory and put together both a website and hardcopy document to document these artifacts and their historical context. We studied the technological, social and other influences on arms and armor of Eastern and Southeastern Asia. This included pieces from China, Tibet, the Malayan Archipelagos, Burma, New Guinea, Indonesia, the Philippines, Korea, and the Mongolian and Moro cultures, and does not include any artifacts from Japan (these have already been the focus of another project). The collection includes swords, sheathes and scabbards, daggers, barongs, helmets, a golok, and several other types. In all there are approximately 175 artifacts that were examined and documented. This is an important project in large part because of Southeast Asia's importance to the world. Some of the earliest humans have been found in Java and other Southeast Asian countries. Also of significance in the East Asian area is China. Home to some of the earliest recorded civilization, China was once one of the greatest empires in the world. China remains unique today in large part because it remains a major world power, unlike many of the earliest empires such as the Romans, Greeks and Egyptians. The Higgins Armory itself is a distinguished institution (the only in the western hemisphere wholly dedicated to the study of arms and armor) with an extensive collection. The main goal of this project is to extend access to their eastern and southern Asian collections to a worldwide audience through the use of the internet. Also, the project serves the armory by examining a less-studied part of their inventory. 8 The project began by researching the culture, society, technology, and history of the originating and surrounding countries of the artifacts. With that information, the pieces were examined, categorized, and catalogued. The project looked at the Zhou, Han, and T'ang Dynasty and 19 th century Chinese history where the most artifacts came from. The surrounding countries such as Korea, Tibet, and Mongolia were also investigated thoroughly even though they have only a small number of artifacts in the Higgins Armory. In Southeast Asia, the Malayan archipelago, Indonesia, and the Philippines were the main topics with most of the artifacts coming from that region. Research on the background of the other countries such as New Guinea, Burma and the Moro cultures was also part of the project to show general interaction between all the cultures in that area. The project created a catalog which will give detailed (or as much as possible) background information on all of the pieces from the area. This website will act as an interactive experience for others who wish to know about the artifacts. It also contains a guide to the various parts of weapons, and it allows users to zoom in on some very detailed artifacts. An Interactive Qualifying Project (IQP) at WPI is a project which deals with the relationship between technology and society. The IQP is a central feature of the WPI Plan, a new approach to engineering undergraduate education introduced at WPI in the early 1970s. The goals of the Plan are to promote learning by doing through project work, maximize student choice in designing their own educational programs, and ensure that students had not only passed courses but were in fact competent as professionals, literate in the humanities and understood the societal implications of their professional work. The 9 IQP contributes importantly to the first two of these WPI Plan goals as well as, of course, the last. 10 Chinese History Myths and Legends The beginnings of the Chinese, one of the oldest world civilizations, are surrounded by myths and legends with little actual evidence. To understand early Chinese culture and history, myth and legends are among the best tools, since very often myths and legends have some basis in historical events. Creation of the World and Humans As with many other ancient peoples, the Chinese had a myth regarding to the genesis of the world. In the beginning there was an egg and nothing else. The egg was the entire and there were no heavens and no earth. From the darkness, Pangu, a giant, was born and he slept in the darkness for thousands of years. Pangu woke up one day and himself living in the empty space with nothing around him.