Engineering Thermodynamics Summary of topics from University of Washington course ME323: Engineering Thermodynamics taught Winter 2016 by Prof. Dayong Gao (DXG) compiled by Michael C. McGoodwin (MCM). Content last updated 6/19/2016 Table of Contents (Applicable primary textbook chapters and sections are shown in parentheses) Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Web Resources for Engineering Thermodynamics ................................................................................ 4 History, Units, Symbols, and Some Basics (1) ............................................................................................... 5 Notable Persons in the History of Thermodynamics ............................................................................. 5 Prefixes in the SI System (Système international d’unités) .................................................................... 5 Some Recurrent Abbreviations Used in the Textbook ........................................................................... 6 Subscripts and Superscripts ............................................................................................................... 7 Basic Terminology and Selected Concepts ........................................................................................... 7 Energy and Work (2) .................................................................................................................................. 15 Forms of Energy ............................................................................................................................... 15 Thermal Energy Transfer Across a System Boundary (Heat Energy Transfer) ...................................... 18 Work Energy Transfer Across a System Boundary ............................................................................. 20 Mechanical Work Types .............................................................................................................. 21 Non-Mechanical Work Types ....................................................................................................... 22 The First Law of Thermodynamics (1LTD; Conservation of Energy; Energy Balance) ........................... 23 Forms of Energy Balance Equations ............................................................................................ 23 Properties of Pure Substances (3) ............................................................................................................... 25 Phases and Phase Changes ............................................................................................................... 25 Property and Phase Diagrams ........................................................................................................... 25 Property Tables and Selected Derived Properties ................................................................................ 32 Equations of State EOS: The Ideal Gas EOS, Compressibility Factor Z, Other EOS ............................. 35 Energy Analysis of Closed Systems (Having No Mass Transfer) (4) ............................................................... 41 Mass and Energy Analysis of Control Volume Systems With Mass Transfer (5) ............................................ 46 Conservation of Mass ........................................................................................................................ 46 Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid .................................................................................... 48 Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow CV Systems ...................................................................................... 49 Steady-Flow Engineering Devices: Nozzles, Diffusers, etc. .................................................................. 50 Nozzles and Diffusers .................................................................................................................. 50 Turbines and Compressors ......................................................................................................... 52 Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow (or Transient-Flow) Processes ....................................................... 58 A More General Energy Equation ...................................................................................................... 59 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 2LTD (6) ............................................................................................ 60 Heat Engines Versus Refrigeration Systems ....................................................................................... 62 Refrigeration Systems and Air-Conditioning ...................................................................................... 65 Heat Pump Systems .......................................................................................................................... 66 The Second Law of Thermodynamics ................................................................................................. 67 Perpetual Motion Machines ............................................................................................................... 68 Reversible and Irreversible Processes ................................................................................................ 69 The Carnot Heat Engine Cycle, Carnot Refrigeration Cycle, & Carnot Principles ................................. 70 Entropy (7) ................................................................................................................................................. 75 Entropy Defined Macroscopically ...................................................................................................... 76 Increase in Entropy Principle (Entropy Generation)............................................................................ 76 Other Entropy Topics ........................................................................................................................ 77 Exergy (8) .................................................................................................................................................. 85 Gas Power Cycles (9) .................................................................................................................................. 86 Overview of Ideal and Real TD Cycles and Heat Engines .................................................................... 86 Otto Cycle ........................................................................................................................................ 88 Page 1 of 165 !Thermodynamics_ME323_MCM_Winter2016.docx 19 Jun 2016 Diesel Cycle ...................................................................................................................................... 92 Stirling and Ericsson Cycles .............................................................................................................. 94 Brayton Cycle (Gas Turbine) Engines ................................................................................................ 95 Jet Propulsion Cycles ...................................................................................................................... 100 Vapor Power Cycles and Combined Power Cycles (10) ............................................................................... 109 Rankine Vapor Power Cycle............................................................................................................. 110 Combined Gas-Vapor Power Cycle (CGVPC) aka Combined Cycle ..................................................... 120 Optimal Vapor Power Cycle Working Fluids Compared to Water ....................................................... 122 Binary Vapor Cycles ....................................................................................................................... 123 Refrigeration Cycles (11) ........................................................................................................................... 124 Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle Overview ............................................................................ 124 Refrigerant Properties and Selection Criteria ................................................................................... 129 Selecting the Optimal Refrigerant .............................................................................................. 130 Heat Pumps Used For Heating and Cooling ..................................................................................... 132 Performance and Efficiency of Refrigerators and Heat Pumps ........................................................... 134 Energy Efficiency Ratio EER, Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio SEER, and IEER ........................ 136 Multipurpose Refrigeration Systems Using a Single Compressor ...................................................... 138 Multistage System with Two Compressors and a Heat Exchanger .................................................... 138 Gas Refrigeration Cycles ................................................................................................................. 141 Gas Liquefaction Systems ............................................................................................................... 142 Other Refrigeration Systems ........................................................................................................... 144 TD Property Relations (12)