MEASUREMENTS IN CLIMATE CHANGE IN JAKARTA By PENI SUSANTI EMAIL : [email protected] JAKARTA ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT BOARD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT 27-29 NOVEMBER 2011, DHAKA, BANGLADESH OUT LINE 1. JAKARTA ‘S CONDITION 2. PROBLEM’S OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT 3. POLICY AND MEASUREMENTS IN CLIMATE CHANGE 4. MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION PROGRAM 5. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND PARTNERSHIP JAKARTA CONDITIONS Topography and Demography Jakarta is the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, divided into 5 areas of city administration, an administrative districts, 44 districts and 267 subdistricts Jakarta area to 65,000 ha Land Area is ± 661.52 km2 and sea areas 6977.7 km2 40% of land area in northern Jakarta is below sea level Jakarta area through 13 rivers from the upstream region of Jakarta (Jabodetabek) Vulnerable to the impacts of climate change The population of 9.057 Million Daytime population + 10.2 Million, including commuters from the region BODETABEK Population Density 13000‐15000 people/km2, and in certain areas reached people/km2 20000‐ 30000 Population growth rate of 1.11% 2000‐2007 Air Quality Conditions in 2005 - 2010 The results of air quality monitoring showed that the air quality from 2005 until 2010 has improved, where there is a decrease pollutant parameters for both carbon monoxide, dust (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide Air Quality Standard based on Governor of Jakarta Provincial Decree No. 551 of 2001 River Water Quality in Jakarta PERSENTASE INDEKS POLUTANS QUALITY STATUS 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Good 0% 0% 3% 0% 0% 0% 0% Light polluted 3% 4% 9% 0% 0% 9% 3% Moderate polluted 16% 16% 10% 6% 12% 9% 16% Heavy polluted 81% 79% 78% 94% 88% 82% 81% Jakarta Bay Quality Pollution Level based on Diversity Index % SAMPLING POINT CLASSIFIED BASED ON DIVERSITY INDEX Pollution Level 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Good 0% 0% 0% 17% 15 % Light polluted 0% 18% 9% 48% 33 % Moderately polluted 57% 40% 30% 22% 24% Heavily polluted 43% 42% 62% 13% 28% Diversification index is determined based on Shannon-Wiener in the Staub et al, Wilhm (1975) 6 Jakarta Bay Quality Jakarta Bay Quality PETA PEMANTAUAN KUALITAS AIR SUNGAI DAN MUARA KOTA JAKARTA UTARA M1 M7 M8 42 M2 M6 M3 38A M4 38 22 27 13 46 M5 6 34 30 31 5A 31 Highly Polluted Moderate Polluted Source : BPLHD Jakarta Ground Water Quality (Shallow Well) Ground Water Status Quality in Jakarta PERSENTASE INDEKS POLUTANS Status Quality 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Good 18% 16% 7% 25% 23% 23% Light Polluted 33% 33% 55% 43% 48% 41% Moderate PollutedSumber : BPLHD Provinsi DKI28% Jakarta 35% 13% 20% 16% 19% Heavy Polluted 21% 16% 25% 12% 13% 17% Source : Jakarta Environmental Management Board SUMUR BOR : 370 TITIK, 1.372.164 M3 SUMUR BOR : 299 TITIK, 1.237.126 M3 SUMUR PANTEK : 282 TITIK, 344484 SUMUR PANTEK : 131 TITIK, 128.520 M3 M3 SUMUR BOR : 402 TITIK, 3.105.396 M3 SUMUR PANTEK : 172 TITIK, 313.764 M3 SUMUR BOR : 757 TITIK, 7.152.948 M3 SUMUR PANTEK : 647 TITIK, 1.137.312 M3 SUMUR BOR : 534 TITIK, 4.763.304 M3 SUMUR PANTEK : 414 TITIK, 604.272 M3 YEAR 2009: • TOTALIZER GROUND WELL 4.008 *) DATA PER TAHUN POINT • TOTAL UTILIZATION 20.159.580 M3 PROBLEMS OF URBAN ENVIRONMENT AIR POLLUTIONS, WATER CONSUMPTION AND GROUND WATER • Air Pollutions : The biggest pollutan from transportation (±70%) Pollutan emission load contained in (2008): Nox (84%), Dust (PM10) (76%), Hydrocarbons (89%), Carbonmonoksida (90%), derived from activities TRANSPORTATION. SO2 (80%), derived from the Power Plant • WaterConsumption : Coverage area in supply water consumption very Low water consumption leakage Critical base water. Cost of water consumption increases Quality of water consumption improper • Grond Water : Because of low coverage area supply from PAM, Ekstration Ground Water Increases. Recharge & Recharging Capability decrease. Quality of lower ground water are polluted by liquid waste. Lower Society Comprehension about consequence ground PRONE TO FLOODING • 40% area of Jakarta is in the lowlands, are influenced by tidal and crossed 13 rivers and the intensity of rainfall (2000‐3500 mm / year) • Changing hydrological cycles (heavier rainfall, tidal surges) • Water management and treatment is not yet able to handle these changes, thus reducing the availability of clean water • Thus, floods caused by extremely heavy rain and sea level rise both have a substantial impact on the city. FLOOD 2007 FLOOD 2008 FLOOD 2009 LAND USE, SLUMS AND LOCATION OF FISHING VILLAGE AT NORTHERN PART JAKARTA • The use of land in Jakarta dominated by land awoke, represented by the designation of buildings, roads and other infrastructure. • Approximately 66.62% of the mainland of Jakarta is a land built, was 33.38% can be interpreted as non‐residential land built as urban forest, green belt, cemetery, farmland, parks, vacant land, and others. • The number of poor people in Jakarta in 2008 was 3.425 million (3.86%). • Distribution of poor population of Jakarta is the largest in the region north of Jakarta, Kepulauan Seribu (41%) and North Jakarta (18%). Proportion of Land Use in Jakarta Land Use Change in Jakarta of the year 1972-2009 2009 MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION • Currently in Jakarta mangrove forest area is 270.51 ha 196.6 ha of which are located in Jakarta Coast, covering the area of Angke Kapuk Forest Protected (44,76 ha), Angke Kapuk Wildlife Park (25,02 ha) and Kamal Muara Forest Tour (99,82 ha) • The presence of liquid waste pollution through Angke River, Kamal Muara, Cengkareng Drain, River Tunjungan • The amount of landfill waste in Mangrove Areas • Some locations (Angke Mangrove Forest Areas) eroded by abrasion There are still many wild tenants in Mangrove Areas • The depth of water that is high enough (1 ‐2 m) making it difficult for the rehabilitation BAY POLLUTION, RIVER SHALLOWING AND NARROWING RIVER DOWNSTREAM AND WASTE • Bay Pollution Bay pollution due to disposal of domestic waste (liquid & solid) and industrial waste Coastal waste load Jakarta reached 494,612.17 tons / year Kepulauan Seribu waste load reached 8095.05 tons / year (the garbage enter through the rivers) • River Shallowing and Narrowing River Downstream Plants appear side channel The fall of a tree, thrown into the Channel Riverbanks used as a dwelling / building illegal • Waste Municipal solid waste produced: 2,97 ltr/cap/ day or 26.945 m3 (6000 ton/day). Waste transported sanitation department : 24.250 m3 (90%) LANDSUBSIDENCE, ROB AND ABRATION Landsubsidence in Jakarta (1974‐2010) Land Subsidence Measurement (cm/years) Landsubsidence Land Period Subsidence Decrease ground water surface 1974 - 1990 1990 - 2000 2000 - 2010 Decrease dike elevation Min - 0.5 0.9 Decrease drainage system (makro & mikro) so that reduce the function of city drainage Average 1.9 4.5 5.0 Decrease building foundation, street and Max 7.9 11.7 17.9 bridge R O B ROB on the North Coast Jakarta occurred in December, January and February Areas that have been affected by ROB is the Kamal Muara, Pluit, Penjaringan, Ancol, Kalibaru, Cilincing and Marunda ROB incident in Jakarta is influenced by: high tides, topography and global warming. ABRATION Jakarta coastal abrasion caused by reclamation activities at some beaches, coral reefs decision, and the depletion of mangrove forests Conditions of Jakarta Bay shoreline change rate reaches 12.31 m / year towards the sea. East coast beaches experiencing erosion include Binaria, Sanggar, Bahari, dan Cilincing with the rate of erosion is not the same in each place ranged from 0.15 m to 1.69 m per year CLIMATE CHANGE AND GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Green House Gas Emission (GHG): CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6 CLIMATE CHANGE FACT IN JAKARTA Based on the results of the study of EEPSEA (Economy and Environment Program for South East Asia) show that Jakarta is a city of rank 1 are vulnerable to climate change in Southeast Asia, following the regional rankings are highly vulnerable to climate change in Southeast Asia are: – Central Jakarta ranked first (1), – North Jakarta ranked second (2), – West Jakarta ranked third (3), – East Jakarta ranked fifth (5), and – South Jakarta ranked eighth (8) Based on Jakarta Vulnerability Assessment to Climate Change by Armi Susandi from Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) : – Rainfall projections showed the highest increase in rainfall in 2020 which reached 900 mm per month in Kapuk Muara district. – Projection highest vulnerability to climate change occurs in the region Pluit district and the lowest level of vulnerability will occur in Kapuk Muara district. – Vulnerability in Jakarta as a result of global climate change raises the response of local communities in the greater region. However, preparedness response generated must have a high effectiveness value. – Required the development of "Smart Adaptation" that builds on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) for disaster risk reduction climate in Jakarta. SIMULATION SEA LEVEL RISE YEAR 2015 AND 2040 (IF NOT ANTICIPATED) 2015 2040 Source: Susandi, 2007, Lead International Training Session IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN JAKARTA – Emerging phenomenon of extreme weather (high rainfall in a short time): January 18, 2002, rainfall 105 mm / day, January 30, 2002, rainfall 143 mm / day, January 18, 2005, rainfall 89 mm / day, February 3, 2007 rainfall 172 mm / day, October 2010, rainfall 167 mm / day, – Decline in the face of the ground (source : Industry & Energy Department of Jakarta Province) range