University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC Theses & Dissertations Graduate Studies Fall 12-18-2015 Atypical Protein Kinase C Dependent Polarized Cell Division is Required for Myocardial Trabeculation Derek L. Passer University of Nebraska Medical Center Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/etd Part of the Developmental Biology Commons Recommended Citation Passer, Derek L., "Atypical Protein Kinase C Dependent Polarized Cell Division is Required for Myocardial Trabeculation" (2015). Theses & Dissertations. 44. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/etd/44 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Atypical Protein Kinase C Dependent Polarized Cell Division is Required for Myocardial Trabeculation By Derek Passer A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College in the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology Under the Supervision of Ibrahim J. Domian and Irving H. Zucker University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha, Nebraska 2015 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES...........................................................................................4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................6 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 10 Development of the Early Mouse Heart ....................................................................... 11 Cell Polarity During Embryogenesis .............................................................................. 14 The Par Polarity Complex .............................................................................................. 15 Upstream Polarity Signaling Cues ................................................................................. 17 Function of the Par Complex in Multicellular Organisms ............................................. 17 Symmetric Polarized Divisions vs. Asymmetric Polarized Divisions ............................. 18 The Protein Kinase C Family ......................................................................................... 21 Essential Role of Prkci During Embryogenesis .............................................................. 21 Hypotheses: .................................................................................................................. 23 CHAPTER II: MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................... 25 Immunohistochemistry ................................................................................................. 26 Animal breeding ............................................................................................................ 26 Image analysis ............................................................................................................... 27 Electron microscopy...................................................................................................... 27 Co-immunoprecipitation ............................................................................................... 28 qPCR .............................................................................................................................. 28 Ex vivo scratch assay ..................................................................................................... 30 Measurements, quantification, and statistical analysis ............................................... 30 CHAPTER III: RESULTS........................................................................................................ 32 Par Complex components localize asymmetrically in luminal myocardial cells. .......... 33 Prkci is required for polarized cell division, ventricular trabeculations, and embryonic viability. ......................................................................................................................... 51 NuMA is required for polarized cell division, ventricular trabeculations, and embryonic viability. ....................................................................................................... 66 Lineage tracing of ventricular trabeculations ............................................................... 76 CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 81 Summary and Main Experimental Findings .................................................................. 82 Polarity during embryogenesis ..................................................................................... 82 The Heart Polarity Model .............................................................................................. 83 Cardiac Jelly and Myocardial Polarity ........................................................................... 83 3 Hyaluronic acid does not signal myocardial polarity through CD44 ............................ 84 The role of Prkci during early cardiogeneis .................................................................. 85 In vitro cardiomyocyte polarization .............................................................................. 87 The role of NuMA during early cardiogeneis ................................................................ 88 Lineage tracing of early trabeculations ........................................................................ 89 Conclusions and perspectives ....................................................................................... 90 Polarity signaling during human disease ...................................................................... 90 Understanding myocardial polarity is essential for cardiovascular regenerative medicine ........................................................................................................................ 91 CHAPTER V: REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 92 4 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1: Formation of trabeculations from the luminal surface of the primitive heart tube. .............................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 2: Diagram of Early Heart Development from E7.5-E10.5. ............................... 13 Figure 3: Partitioning (Par) complex proteins. ............................................................. 16 Figure 4: Symmetric vs. Asymmetric cell Division in Epithelial Cells. ........................... 20 Figure 5: Hypothetical Representation of the Spatial Organization of the Early Embryonic Heart. .......................................................................................................... 24 Figure 6: Luminal localization of Par complex members throughout the early embryonic heart. ........................................................................................................... 34 Figure 7: Luminal co-localization of Pard6g and Prkci in early embryonic hearts. ...... 35 Figure 8: Luminal localization of Par complex members in early embryonic hearts. .. 37 Figure 9: Confocal microscopy images of co-localization of Par complex members. 38 Figure 10: Polarized cell division in early mitotic luminal myocardial cells of E8.5 hearts. ........................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 11: Polarized cell division in late mitotic luminal myocardial cells of E8.5 hearts. ........................................................................................................................... 42 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) in the cardiac jelly is required for Par complex localization....... 43 Figure 12: HA in the cardiac jelly is required for Par complex localization in E8.5 mouse hearts. ............................................................................................................... 44 Figure 13: HA in the cardiac jelly is required for oriented cell division in early mitotic E8.5 cardiomyocytes. .................................................................................................... 45 Figure 14: HA in the cardiac jelly is required for oriented cell division in early mitotic E8.5 cardiomyocytes. .................................................................................................... 46 Figure 15: Figure 3: CD44 is not required for polarized cell division in E8.5 mouse hearts. ........................................................................................................................... 48 Figure 16: CD44 is not required for oriented cell division in early mitotic E8.5 cardiomyocytes. ............................................................................................................ 49 Figure 17: CD44 is not required for oriented cell division in late mitotic E8.5 cardiomyocytes. ............................................................................................................ 50 Figure 18: Genotypes of pups born from an Nkx 2.5+/cre/Prkci+/fl male crossed with a Prkcifl/fl female. ...........................................................................................................