UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE NEO-POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE IN ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACIES: AUSTRALIA, CANADA, AND NEW ZEALAND A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy By G. CLAIRE HAEG Norman, Oklahoma 2006 UMI Number: 3205323 UMI Microform 3205323 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 NEO-POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE IN ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACIES: AUSTRALIA, CANADA, AND NEW ZEALAND A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE BY ______________________________ Dr. Robert Henry Cox (Chair) ______________________________ Dr. Ronald Keith Gaddie ______________________________ Dr. Allen Hertzke ______________________________ Dr. Donald J. Maletz ______________________________ Dr. Pamela Genova © Copyright by GAYNOR CLAIRE HAEG 2006 All Rights Reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and guidance of all the members of my committee: Robert H. Cox, R. Keith Gaddie, Donald J. Maletz, Allen Hertzke, and Pamela Genova, as well as Brian Taylor. Thanks to Keith for being willing to teach a class on regression analysis while holding my three-month-old son on his shoulder; to Brian for bringing some coherence to the structure of my research proposal, and particularly to Bob for taking time to talk through problems, for simplifying the ones that I had made needlessly complex, and for his advice, encouragement, and assistance throughout the process. Thanks also to Debbie Else, without whose administrative support I would never have completed this project. I wish to thank my all of my colleagues at St. John’s University in Collegeville, Minnesota, for their encouragement and advice. I am very grateful to Anthony Ndungu, whose insights about the writing process were invaluable; and to Kay Wolsborn and Manju Parikh for their suggestions and support. Thanks also to my colleagues in Simons Hall: Rick Saucier, Sheila Nelson, Richard Albares, Jeff Kamakahi, and Janet Hope – all of whom encouraged me at critical points in the process. Particular thanks are due to Robert Weber, because he always asked how many pages I had written that weekend, and Phil Kronebusch, because he never did. I must recognize my mother, Jenny Bounds, without whose help this dissertation would never have been completed. Because she took care of my children while I did oral examinations and field research in Australia and New Zealand, drove miles to take iv me to interviews and party meetings, and even attended some of the meetings with me, I shall always be grateful. To Stephanie and Nicholas, who have never known a time when Mummy wasn’t writing the “dreaded dissertation,” thanks for being so patient. Most of all I wish to thank my husband, Ben, who has given his constant support through years of coursework, research, and writing. My doctorate was only possible because of him. Because he never flinched when the frozen block of ice that was his wife arrived in his bed at three o’clock in the morning after an all-night writing session, because he would allow to me talk about issues he cared very little about, because he endlessly proof-read and ruthlessly eliminated commas, and because he always believed in me, this dissertation is for him. v TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION – NEO-POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE IN AUSTRALIA, CANADA, AND NEW ZEALAND............................................................................. 1 PASSIONATE INTENSITY ....................................................................................................................... 1 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM .................................................................................................................... 3 DEFINING TERMS: WHAT IS POPULISM? ............................................................................................... 4 DESCRIPTION OF THE CASES ............................................................................................................... 11 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO: EXPLAINING NEO-POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE.................................... 24 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 24 THE PROBLEM WITH EXISTING MODELS............................................................................................. 26 THE ALTERNATIVE FRAMEWORK – A MIXED METHOD APPROACH TO A THEORY OF NEO-POPULIST EMERGENCE ....................................................................................................................................... 39 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 1: THE STRUCTURAL FACTORS .................................................................. 43 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 2: INDIVIDUAL AGENCY AND NEO-POPULISM............................................ 47 CHAPTER THREE: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 1 – THE STRUCTURAL FACTORS CAUSING NEO-POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE IN AUSTRALIA ...................................... 52 FACTOR 1A: RURAL MATERIALIST VALUES – HANSON’S REGIONAL APPEAL .................................. 52 FACTOR 1B: NON-WHITE IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURAL POLICY IN AUSTRALIA ................... 63 FACTOR 1C: INCREASED INDIGENOUS ACTIVISM – WIK, ATSIC, AND RECONCILIATION................... 73 FACTOR 1D: SPATIAL PARTY POLITICS IN AUSTRALIA....................................................................... 80 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER FOUR: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 1 – THE STRUCTURAL FACTORS CAUSING NEO-POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE IN CANADA................................................................ 90 FACTOR 1A: RURAL MATERIALIST VALUES AND THE CANADIAN WEST ........................................... 90 FACTOR 1B: NON-WHITE IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURALISM IN CANADA ............................ 101 FACTOR 1C: INCREASED INDIGENOUS ACTIVISM – FIRST NATION AND QUÉBÉCOIS SOVEREIGNTYISSUES ....................................................................................................................... 112 FACTOR 1D: SPATIAL PARTY POLITICS IN CANADA ......................................................................... 122 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 133 vi CHAPTER FIVE: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 1 – THE STRUCTURAL FACTORS CAUSING NEO-POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE IN NEW ZEALAND................................................. 135 FACTOR 1A: RURAL MATERIALIST VALUES – NEW ZEALAND FIRST AND THE FARM SECTOR ........ 136 FACTOR 1B: NON-WHITE IMMIGRATION AND MULTICULTURALISM IN NEW ZEALAND .................. 146 FACTOR 1C: INCREASED INDIGENOUS ACTIVISM – THE TREATY OF WAITANGI............................... 157 FACTOR 1D: SPATIAL PARTY POLITICS IN NEW ZEALAND ............................................................... 166 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................. 177 CHAPTER SIX: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 2 – AGENCY FACTORS CAUSING NEO- POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE IN AUSTRALIA ................................................................. 179 FACTOR 2A: CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP – THE LITTLE AUSSIE BATTLE AXE ................................. 179 FACTOR 2B: MEDIA INFLUENCE – JOURNALISTS AS AGENTS IN THE EMERGENCE OF ONE NATION .188 FACTOR 2C: THE DIFFUSION OF IDEAS – THE AGENCY OF EPISTEMIC COMMUNITIES...................... 195 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................. 204 CHAPTER SEVEN: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 2 – THE AGENCY FACTORS CAUSING NEO-POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE IN CANADA.............................................................. 207 FACTOR 2A: CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP – PRESTON MANNING’S “REVERSE CHARISMA” .............. 207 FACTOR 2B: MEDIA INFLUENCE – BYFIELD VERSUS THE ONTARIO PRESS CORPS............................ 219 FACTOR 2C: THE EPISTEMIC COMMUNITY OF CONSPIRACY THEORISTS IN CANADA ....................... 230 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................... 241 CHAPTER EIGHT: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 2 – THE AGENCY FACTORS CAUSING NEO-POPULIST PARTY EMERGENCE IN NEW ZEALAND................................................. 244 FACTOR 2A: CHARISMATIC LEADERSHIP – WINSTON, CHAMPION OF THE UNDERDOG .................... 244 FACTOR 2B: MEDIA INFLUENCE – ACCOUNTABLE DEMOCRACY AND THE NEW ZEALAND PRESS ... 254 FACTOR 2C: THE DIFFUSION OF IDEAS – NEW ZEALAND FIRST, CONSPIRACY THEORISTS, AND SOCIAL CREDIT ................................................................................................................................266 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................. 274 CHAPTER NINE: SLOUCHING TOWARDS BETHLEHEM..........................................................