publications series Edited Volumes 4 Austronesian Soundscapes Austronesian Soundscapes Austronesian Soundscapes is a collection of essays on Austronesian musics that transcends disciplinary frontiers in the humanities and social sciences. In all of Austronesia, music plays a crucial role in the negotiation of cultural identities; yet research on the diversity of the Performing Arts in Oceania Austronesian cultural belt’s music has hitherto been rather sparse. Responding to this gap, Austronesian Soundscapes offers comprehen- and Southeast Asia sive analyses of traditional and contemporary Austronesian musics, investigating how music in the region reflects the 21st century’s challenges. Edited by Birgit Abels Birgit Abels is a cultural musicologist with a primary specialization in the music of the Pacific and Southeast Asian islands. › “This volume is attempting for the first time to see how the per- forming arts contribute to understanding the interlinkages of this Birgit (ed.) Abels immense cultural area and thus providing a fresh and welcome view on these understudied, yet extremely diverse musical cul- tures.” — Wim van der Meer, Associate Professor of World Music Studies, Amsterdam University “This highly interesting collection describes a wide variety of mu- sical cultures (…) A great virtue (…is the) focus (…) on the ways that the arts depict issues of identity and conflict and seek to resolve them.” — Philip Yampolsky, Director of the Robert E. Brown Center for World Music, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Editor of the Music of Indonesia series, Smithsonian Folkways Recordings isbn 978 90 8964 085 7 amsterdam university press www.aup.nl 9 789089 640857 amsterdam university press Austronesian Soundscapes Publications Series General Editor Paul van der Velde Publications Officer Martina van den Haak Editorial Board Prasenjit Duara (Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore) / Carol Gluck (Columbia University) / Christophe Jaffrelot (Centre d’Études et de Recherches Internationales-Sciences-po) / Victor T. King (University of Leeds) / Yuri Sadoi (Meijo University) / A.B. Shamsul (Institute of Occidental Studies / Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia) / Henk Schulte Nordholt (Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies) / Wim Boot (Leiden University) The IIAS Publications Series consists of Monographs and Edited Volumes. The Series publishes results of research projects conducted at the International Institute for Asian Studies. Furthermore, the aim of the Series is to promote interdisciplinary studies on Asia and comparative research on Asia and Europe. The International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) is a postdoctoral research centre based in Leiden and Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Its objective is to encourage the interdisciplinary and comparative study of Asia and to promote national and international cooperation. The institute focuses on the humanities and social sciences and, where relevant, on their interaction with other sciences. It stimulates scholarship on Asia and is instrumental in forging research networks among Asia scholars worldwide. IIAS acts as an international mediator, bringing various parties together, working as a clearinghouse of knowledge and information. This entails activities such as providing information services, hosting academic organisations dealing with Asia, constructing international networks, and setting up international cooperative projects and research programmes. In this way, IIAS functions as a window on Europe for non-European scholars and contributes to the cultural rapprochement between Asia and Europe. For further information, please visit www.iias.nl. Austronesian Soundscapes Performing Arts in Oceania and Southeast Asia Edited by Birgit Abels Publications Series Edited Volumes 4 Cover illustration: Simeon Adelbai Cover design: Maedium, Utrecht Layout: The DocWorkers, Almere ISBN 978 90 8964 085 7 e-ISBN 978 90 4850 811 2 NUR 761 © IIAS / Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2011 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright re- served above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or in- troduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owners and the author of the book. Contents List of Tables and Illustrations 7 List of Audio-visual Resources 13 Introduction 15 Birgit Abels SOUTHEAST ASIA 1 Creating Places through the Soundscape: A Kalinga Peace Pact Celebration 25 Glenn Stallsmith 2 Sundanese Dance as Practice or Spectacle: It’s All Happening at the Zoo 45 Henry Spiller 3 Malay-Islamic Zapin: Dance and Soundscapes from the Straits of Malacca 71 Mohd Anis Md Nor 4 The Contemporary Musical Culture of the Chinese in Sabah, Malaysia 85 David T.W. Wong 5 To Sing the Rice in Tanjung Bunga (Eastern Flores), Indonesia 103 Dana Rappoport MADAGASCAR 6 Tromba Children, Maresaka, and Postcolonial Malady in Madagascar 135 Ron Emoff 6 AUSTRONESIAN SOUNDSCAPES OCEANIA 7 Fractals in Melanesian Music 155 Raymond Ammann 8 ‘Singing Spirits And The Dancing Dead’: Sonic Geography, Music and Ritual Performance in a Melanesian Community 169 Paul Wolffram 9 Breaking the Tikol? Code-switching, Cassette Culture and a Lihirian Song Form 193 Kirsty Gillespie 10 Fijian Sigidrigi and the Performance of Social Hierarchies 205 Jennifer Cattermole 11 Tau’a’alo: Paddling Songs as Cultural Metaphor 223 Adrienne L. Kaeppler 12 Disconnected Connections: Puerto Rican Diasporic Musical Identity in Hawai’i 241 Ted Solís 13 Performing Austronesia in the Twenty-first Century: A Rapa Nui Perspective on Shared Culture and Contact 261 Dan Bendrups 14 ‘To Sing is to be Happy’: The Dynamics of Contemporary Maori Musical Practices 277 Toon van Meijl 15 Australian Indigenous Choices of Repertoire in Community CDs/DVDs: Recording and Reclaiming Torres Strait Islander Sacred and Secular Music 295 Karl Neuenfeldt Contributors 319 Index 323 List of Tables and Illustrations (by Chapter) Some of the figures referred to in this book are stored online and available via a permanent URL; these figures are marked in the List of Illustrations by an asterisk (*). The URLs are provided in the footnotes. 1 Creating Places through the Soundscape: A Kalinga Peace Pact Celebration Fig. 1.1 The Cordillera Administrative Region on the island of Luzon Fig. 1.2 The eight municipalities of Kalinga Province Fig. 1.3 Tokkotok pattern Fig. 1.4 Tabbeleng pattern Fig. 1.5 Sapul pattern *Fig. 1.6 Mangali men and women ready to dance in traditional costumes. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 Fig. 1.7 Summarised sumadel tadok pattern Fig. 1.8 Summarised mangali tadok pattern Fig. 1.9 Ullalim by a Bawak woman Fig. 1.10 Melograph of the first line of the ullalim *Fig. 1.11 Landscape of Tanudan Valley, the home of the Mangali people. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 Fig. 1.12 Baladong melody 2 Sundanese Dance as Practice or Spectacle: It’s All Happening at the Zoo Fig. 2.1 (left to right) kendang, ketuk, goong (photo by the author 6 December 1998). http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/ 330210 Fig. 2.2 Ronggeng at the Bandung Zoo dance wawayangan (photo by the author 20 June 1999) Fig. 2.3 Aki Ahi (photo by the author 6 December 1998). http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 Fig. 2.4 Oray-orayan (photo by the author, 6 December 1998). http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 *Fig. 2.5 Zoo visitors dancing joged (photo by author, 4 April 1999). http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 *Fig. 2.6 Ethnomusicologus Americanus (photo by the author 6 December 1998). http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/ 330210 8 AUSTRONESIAN SOUNDSCAPES 3 Malay-Islamic Zapin: Dance and Soundscapes from the Straits of Malacca *Fig. 3.1 Alif, stylised movement in zapin. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 *Fig. 3.2 Ayam Patah, stylised movement in zapin. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 *Fig. 3.3 Pusau Belanak, stylised movement in zapin. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 *Fig. 3.4 Lompat Tiong, stylised movement in zapin. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 *Fig. 3.5 Siku Keluang, stylised movement in zapin. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 *Fig. 3.6 Titi Batang, stylised movement in zapin. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 *Fig. 3.7 Sisip, stylised movement in zapin. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 *Fig. 3.8 Langkah Pecah, stylised movement in zapin. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 5 To Sing the Rice in Tanjung Bunga (Eastern Flores), Indonesia Fig. 5.1 Map Fig. 5.2 Agrarian/musical calendar Fig. 5.3 Cycle of voices in the song haman opak bélun Fig. 5.4 Go’ok Fig. 5.5 Goé Fig. 5.6 Najan gulen wati 6 Tromba Children, Maresaka, and Postcolonial Malady in Madagascar *Fig. 6.1 Betsimisaraka metal-body valiha. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 Fig. 6.2 Comparison of segments of a particular valiha performance Fig. 6.3 Malagasy ceremonial music‘s tripartite rhythm *Fig. 6.4 Tromba child, guardedly clutching a wooden zébu cattle toy. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 Fig. 6.5 ‘Milalao Andriamarofaly’ *Fig. 6.6 The tromba child ventures closer. http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 7 Fractals in Melanesian Music Fig. 7.1 Theoretical pitch arrangement in a pair of ceremonial flutes Fig. 7.2 Tonal material used in the piece Mariuamangi Fig. 7.3 ‘Motif’ of structural element I LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS 9 Fig. 7.4 ‘Motifs’ of structural element II Fig. 7.5 Interlocking patterns in structural element II *Fig. 7.6 Bwan-jep (fwâi language for ‘bark clapper’). http://dare.uva.nl/aup/en/record/330210 Fig. 7.7 Melodic contour an ayoii Fig. 7.8 Ayoii structure Fig. 7.9 The singing and the percussion parts 8 ‘Singing Spirits And The Dancing Dead’: Sonic Geography, Music and Ritual Performance in a Melanesian Community Fig.