PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/101855 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-06 and may be subject to change. Xuliang He Mandarin-accented Dutch Prosody Netherlands Graduate LOT School of Linguistics Landelijke Onderzoekschool Taalwetenschap r ______ MANDARIN-ACCENTED DUTCH PROSODY Published by ‘ $ LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Photo taken by the author. The text translates as “Windmill in the Netherlands photographed by He Xuüang in 2008 (the time the project began).” ISBN: 978-94-6093-093-5 NUR: 616 C opyrigh t © 2012: X u lian g He . A ll rights reserve d . M a n d a r in -ac c e n t e d D utch Pr o so d y Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Letteren ■ t 4 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op 3 december 2012 om 10.30 uur precies door Xuüang He geboren op 9 augustus 1971 te Huanggang, provincie Hubei, China Contents A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts ....................................................................................V Pr e f a c e ........................................................................................................... vii 1 Introdu c t i o n .............................................................................................1 1.1 Rationale o f the research......................................................................... 1 1.2 Chinese dialects........................................................................................ 3 1.3 ToDI and Standard D u tch..................................................................... 8 1.4 Relevant issues........................................................................................12 1.4.1 Perception and production............................................................ 13 1.4.2 Models o f phonological acquisition.............................................14 1.4.2.1 Best’s PA M ................................................................................ 15 1.4.2.2 Kuhl’s NLMM.......................................................................... 16 1.4.2.3 Flege’s SLM............................................................................... 17 1.4.2.4 Major’s OPM............................................................................. 19 1.4.2.5 Eckman’s MDH and SCH......................................................20 1.4.2.6 Optimaüty Theory.................................................................... 21 1.4.3 The age issue................................................................................... 24 1.5 Structure o f the thesis........................................................................... 25 1.6 References...............................................................................................27 2 Ch o o sin g the optimal pitch accent locatio n in D u tch ....37 2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................37 2.2 M ethod...................................................................................................42 2.2.1 Materials...........................................................................................42 2.2.2 Participants......................................................................................42 2.2.2.1 General information............................................................... 42 2.2.2.2 Proficiency ratings ................................................................. 43 2.2.3 Procedure......................................................................................44 2.3 Data analysis and discussion.............................................................. 44 2.3.1 Analysis and discussion o f correctness scores..........................44 2.3.2 Analysis and discussion o f confidence scores...........................49 2.3.3 Other factors correlated with correctness scores and confidence scores.......................................................................... 49 2.4 Conclusions............................................................................................50 2.5 References..............................................................................................52 T able OF CONTENTS xi 4.3.5 Pitch accents ............................................................................... 108 4.3.6 Intonation contours.................................................................110 4.3.6.1 Analyses o f nuclear contours............................................110 4.3.6.2 Nuclear accent errors and boundary tone errors.......... 116 4.4 Conclusions..........................................................................................119 4.5 References............................................................................................121 5 M an d ar in -accen ted Fall, Rise an d Fa ll-Rise f0 contours in D u t c h ...................................................................................................127 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 127 5.2 Method..................................................................................................133 5.2.1 Materials........................................................................................ 133 5.2.2 Subjects .........................................................................................134 5.2.3 Recordings o f Chinese subjects ................................................134 5.2.4 Acoustic measurements ............................................................. 135 5.2.4.1 Labeüng ................................................................................. 135 5.2.4.2 Variables ................................................................................ 137 5.3 Results...................................................................................................138 5.3.1 Prosodie results............................................................................ 138 5.3.2 Sonorant rime comparisons.......................................................139 5.3.3 Analysis o f f ö ............................................................................... 141 5.3.3.1 Peak aügnments in Fall, Rise and Fall-rise........................ 148 5.3.3.2 Comparison o f excursions o f Fall, Rise and Fall-rise..... 150 5.4 Conclusions..........................................................................................154 5.5 References............................................................................................157 6 Prosodic effects of focus in Dutch declaratives b y LI Chinese sp e a k e r s ..................................................................... 161 6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................161 6.2 M ethod..................................................................................................165 6.2.1 Materials.........................................................................................165 6.2.2 Procedure.......................................................................................165 6.2.3 Subjects...........................................................................................166 6.2.4 Acoustic measurements and analysis........................................166 6.2.4.1 Labellings.................................................................................166 6.2.4.2 Variables.................................................................................169 6.3 Results...................................................................................................171 6.3.1 Missing data...................................................................................171 6.3.2 Comparing focus effects across groups....................................172 6.4 Discussion ...........................................................................................181 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale of the investigation There are about 120,000 Chinese (about 0.82% of the total population) living in the Netherlands, who immigrated from Mainland China (35%), Hong Kong (23%), Indonesia (20%), Surinam (6%) and other areas (16%), according to the Chinese Embassy in the Netherlands and the investigation by Li (1999). Most of those who are from Mainland China originate from Shenzhen and Dapeng (Canton Province), Wenzhou and Qingtian (Zhejiang Province), Fuzhou and Changle (Fujian Province). They have formed Chinese communities in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Eindhoven and other places. With the development of China, more and more Chinese are coming to the Netherlands to work or study. They leam Dutch and have mastered the language with a certain level of proficiency. A study of how Chinese people speak Dutch is therefore a significant enterprise, and this is. one of the reasons why the research programme ‘Intonation of varieties of Dutch’ (NWO 360-70-180) contains a sub-project ‘Mandarin-accented Dutch’. The present research represents the main result of this sub-project.