Na’ Nina’ etnunen Linahyan Ni’ Manmaloffan Connecting the Community to the Past A Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan for Guam 2007–2011 Prepared by: Belt Collins Guam Ltd. Under the oversight of: Guam State Historic Preservation Office Guam Historic Resources Division Guam Department of Parks and Recreation Final October 2007 Na’Nina’etnunen Linahyan Ni’ Manmaloffan Message from Guam SHPO IPÅO INCISED poTTERY In 1957, Alexander Spoehr discovered this type of pottery and assumed that it arrived through trade due to a paucity in archaeological records. In 1978, archaeological investigations at Ipao Beach revealed that the first Chamorro settlers manufactured this pottery, contrary to Alexander Spoehr’s assumptions. Ypao Beach Park, present day ii Connecting the Community to the Past, A Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan for Guam, 2007–2011 Guam State Historic Table of Contents Preservation Office Staff Administrative Staff Message from Guam SHPO . ii Marie DelaRosa, Program Coordinator II Cheryl Bustos, Program Coordinator I Introduction . 1 Jayna T. Borja, Administrative Aide Planning Process . 3 Technical Staff A Vision for Historic Preservation . 5 Victoriano April, State Archaeologist Richard K. Olmo, Consultant Archaeologist Goals and Objectives . 7 William Hernandez, Historic Preservation Specialist III Cultural and Historic Resources Overview . 11 Jose U. Garrido, Historic Preservation Specialist I Guam Now and Future . 19 Alfred Masga, Archaeologist Technician I Anthony J. Ramirez, Historian Action Plan . 33 Guam Historic Preservation Appendix A—Historic Contexts . .A-1 Review Board Appendix B—Legal Framework for Historic Preservation on Guam . B-1 Michael Makio, AIA, Chairperson Marilyn C. Salas, Ph.D., Vice-Chairperson Appendix C—Preservation Partners and Contacts . .C-1 Darlene Moore Appendix D—Register Listing . .D-1 Fr. Eric Forbes, OFM CAP Antonio M. Palomo Appendix E—Bibliography, Photo Credits and Acknowledgements . E-1 Rebecca A. Stephenson, Ph.D. Liza Ann J. Provido, AIA Rebecca Ann Duenas Helen Bordallo John Peterson, Ph.D. iii Na’Nina’etnunen Linahyan Ni’ Manmaloffan GUAM’S PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Guam is the largest island in the Mariana Islands archipelago. The island is approximately 32 miles in length and varies from a width of 4 miles to 8 miles, with a total area of about 212 square miles. The northern half of Guam is covered by a fairly flat limestone plateau with steep cliffs along the shore lines. Rainwater in this northern half of the island percolates quickly, recharging Guam’s only drinking water aquifer. The southern half of Guam is in stark contrast to the northern half. In southern Guam, bedrock is mostly volcanic rock with clay soils on top. Streams and rivers have carved this half of the island into a rugged mountainous region. Guam’s climate is generally warm and humid throughout the year, with average temperatures ranging between 85 degrees to 89 degrees F in the afternoon and 70 degrees to 75 degrees F in the evening. The dry season (mid-January through July) is characterized by very little rainfall and consistent trade winds predominantly from the northeast. May, June, and July are the driest months of the year. Copy of geographic map of Guam created during the voyage of The rainy season (August through Louis De Freycinet from 1817–1820. Copy of Bellin Map of Guam and the Mariana Islands, 1757 mid-January) features heavy winds and rains with occasional typhoons and tropical storms. iv Connecting the Community to the Past, A Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan for Guam, 2007–2011 Introduction There are various reasons why preservation is This plan is an update to the 1997 Historic CAVE piCTogRAPHS important to Guam, but the most important is that it Preservation in Guam: A Comprehensive Plan . The connects the community to the past . Preservation and 1997 plan identified ten major preservation trends heritage planning establishes a future direction and and issues: economic development and historic vision for historic and cultural resource protection . places; natural hazards and historic presservation; On Guam, cultural resources include historic places, property rights concerns; effective enforcement as well as cultural practices and patterns . of compliance agreements; site looting; public involvement and information; heritage tourism; Na’ Nina’etnunen Linahyan Ni’ Manmaloffan— restoration planning; and long term records and Connecting the Community to the Past, A collections care . Since the last plan’s publication 10 Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan for Guam, years ago, some issues remain while new trends have 2007–2011 is a comprehensive plan that will guide emerged that will shape preservation planning for the Guam State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) Guam’s historic resources . Goals and strategies were for the next five years . The plan will provide direction also included in the 1997 Plan . for the preservation and protection of Guam’s rich, but fragile historic resources through a series of goals and objectives that will address preservation needs to meet the plan’s vision . The plan also identifies current critical trends, issues, threats, and opportunities affecting historic preservation . Gadao’s Cave, Inarajan Pictographs are rare and usually found in caves, with only 10 sites currently recorded in Guam. The meaning of pictographs is a matter of conjecture. 1 Na’Nina’etnunen Linahyan Ni’ Manmaloffan HiLA’AN CoMPLEX The Hila’an Complex site is a large At the time it was listed on the Guam Register, it was on pre-contact habitation complex on Navy-owned federal property. The land has since been the western coast of Guam, within determined excess to federal needs. TheUnited States the municipality of Dedidu (Dededo). General Services Agency (GSA) took administrative control The site is below a cliff line and spans of the land and began a process to return the land to the Aerial Photo of Hila’an Embayment nearly the entire coastline Government of Guam. While under Navy control and while of COMNAVMARIANAS under transition, no security protective measures were Communications Annex South taken. Chamorro families began to squat on the land and Finegayan. The site, listed on established two homesteads within the complex site in the Guam Register, consists the late 1990s. This lack of stewardship and disregard of of the remains of 20 latte sets federal mandates have resulted in the site being looted (large stone pillars found on and vandalized. The area is not easily accessible by the the Mariana Islands built by the public and cannot be monitored frequently. ancient chamorro people), rock mounds, wells, a cobble wall, a The United States GSA proposes to convey the parcel freshwater pond, rock shelters, that contains the complex to the Government of Guam, and a sheltered mortar area Guam Ancestral Lands Commission for public purposes. on the cliff face north of the During the Section 106 review process, the Guam SHPO coastal strip. and GSA determined that the transfer of ownership may result in physical alterations and other adverse effects on The complex is accessible by a site determined to be eligible for listing on the National coastal trail, yet vulnerable as Register. As a result of this, a Memorandum of Agreement it is near a popular snorkeling (MOA) was agreed upon and put into effect. area known as Shark’s Hole/Sagua Ma’gas. Many The MOA included a “Historic Preservation Covenant” that latte uprights are no longer will run in perpetuity with the land to ensure consistency standing; others have been with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines View of Hila’an Complex from the cliff side road to Tanguisson Beach almost completely destroyed, for the Treatment of Historic Properties. The covenant leaving limestone fragments where ensures that any future use of the historic property shall be latte once stood. Surface scavenging of in accordance with Section 106 and that the Guam SHPO artifacts, mostly pottery shards, igneous shall be consulted. rock fragments, and Tridacna shell, has occurred. 2 Connecting the Community to the Past, A Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan for Guam, 2007–2011 PLANNING PROCESS Planning Process One of the goals in developing this plan was to obtain and incorporate Guiding Principles of the Plan comments from a wide range of people, organizations, and public Federal policies mandate that each state historic developed with significant input from individuals, agencies. Community participation in preservation office develop and implement a non-profit organizations, local and federal agencies, the preparation of this plan was critical statewide (in Guam’s case, islandwide) historic cultural resource management consultants, and cultural to understanding what is important to the community. Under the direction of preservation plan . The National Park Service (NPS) organizations, as well as guidance from the Guam SHPO . the Guam SHPO, various methods were provides guidance to each state for future historic used to collect information from the planning activities . Overall, the planning process In order to emphasize that community participation broad preservation community. is necessary to implement the plan, the Action Plan must involve the public . Development of the plan June 2006 involves identifying critical issues through assessment includes tasks to be accomplished by government The planning team mailed letters, of historic resources and historic contexts, and agencies and community groups . While specific