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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Znb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 ALLEN, Dan Charles, 1929- FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AMERICAN OCCUPATION POLICY IN EUROPE. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 H-Utory, United States Xerox University Microfilmst Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © 1976 DAN CHARLES ALLEN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AMERICAN OCCUPATION POLICY IN EUROPE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Dan C. Allen, B.A. , M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee; Approved by Harry L. Coles Marvin R. Zahniser Alfred E. Eckes, Jr. Harry L. Coles Advisor Department of History VITA December 9, 1929 . * . Born - Fayetteville, Arkansas 1951 ................. B.A., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 1965 ................. M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1966-1970 .......... Assistant Professor of History and Chairman Military History Course, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado 1970-1973 .......... Exchange Instructor and Head, International Affairs and Strategic Studies Department, The Royal Air Force College, Cranwell, Great Britain FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: American Military History, Professor Harry L. Coles American Diplomatic History, Professor Marvin R. Zahniser Early National Era American History, Professor Harry L. Coles Twentieth Century European History, Professor Andreas A. Dorpalen PREFACE The purpose of this dissertation is to trace the influence of President Franklin D, Roosevelt on the development of the American occupation policy, 1941 to 1945. A general agreement that the administration of occupied areas during a brief ini­ tial phase was the responsibility of the military can be seen running through the entire period of plans and preparations. The points of conflict revolved around such questions as which group would formulate occupation policy, when the civilian authorities would assume control, whether it would be a grad­ ual assumption of responsibility or a clear cut one, and whether the civilian authority in liberated territories would be indigenous or American. The preponderance of the contro­ versy centered in the supply and relief functions. It was principally in this field where the difficulties between the President and the various government agencies occurred. This work shows, despite the basic controversy between the civilian and military authorities, a remarkable amount of coordination and consideration on the part of all concerned when meeting the politico-military problems of the war. The President frequently consulted with the Secretary of War, the Chief of Staff, and the Supreme Allied Commander before making decisions and these men kept the President informed, in great detail, of their political actions. i i i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page VITA. , . ..................................... ii PREFACE ......................................... iii ABBREVIATIONS................................. vi Chapter I Civil Affairs and Military Government On the Eve of World War II.......... 1 II The White House and the Military at Odds..................................... 12 III The President and the School of Military Government.................... 23 IV The School Issue Settled................. 38 V Pre-Invasion Plans for Civil Affairs In North A f r i c a ......................... 52 VI The Darlan Arrangement................... 66 VII Post Darlan Civil Affairs in North Africa................................... 84 VIII Washington Organization for Civil Affairs During The Early Part of the North African Campaign......................... Ill IX Washington Organization for Civil Affairs As the North Africa Situation D e v e l o p e d ............................... 128 X Planning for Military Government in '3icily and Italy......................... 146 XI The Collapse and Surrender of Italy . 161 XII Allied Occupation Control Organization In Italy.................. 174 XIII Domestic Italian Affairs................. 188 Page XIV Civilian Relief and Rehabilitation in Italy.............. 202 XV Washington Organization for Civil Affairs During the Italian Era. ..... 219 XVI Civil Affairs for France. ........ 237 XVII Plans for Germany ....................... 266 XVIII Zones of Occupation in Germany and A u s t r i a ................................. 300 XIX Summary and Conclusion,................. 318 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................... 331 1 v ABBREVIATIONS ACC Allied Control Commission ACofS Assistant Chief of Staff ACPFP Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy AFHQ Allied Forces Headquarters AGO Adjutant Generalrs Office AMG Allied Military Government AMGOT Allied Military Government of Occupied Territory ASF Army Service Forces ASH Assistant Secretary of War AT (E) Administration of Territories Committee (Europe) BEH Board of Economic Warfare BOB Bureau of the Budget CA Civil Affairs CAD Civil Affairs Division CCAC Combined Civil Affairs Committee CCS Combined Chiefs of Staff CCFNA Combined Committee for French North Africa CFB Combined Food Board CG Commanding General CINC Commander in Chief CinCMED Commander in Chief, Mediterranean CLN Comitate di Liberazione Nazionale COB Committee of Combined Boards CofS Chief cf Staff COSSAC Chief of Staff, Supreme Allied Command or Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander CRC Civilian Rehabilitation Corps CWRA Committee on War Relief Agencies DFEO Director for Foreign Economic Operations Dep't Department Dir Director Div Division EAC European Advisory Committee EDB Economic Defense Board ET or ETO European Theater or European Theater of Operations FCNL French Committee of National Liberation FDRL Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York FEA Foreign Economic Administration FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States G-l Personnel Division, General Staff, War Department G-2 Intelligence Division, General Staff, War Depart­ ment G-3 Operations Division, General Staff, War Department G-4 Supply Division, General Staff, War Department G-5 Civil Affairs Division, General Staff, War Depart­ ment vi GHQ General Headquarters HUSKY Allied Invasion of Sicily, July 194 3 IAC Interdepartmental Advisory Committee JAG Judge Advocate General JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff LOC Library of Congress MG Military Government MGD Military Government Division MGS Military Government Section MTO Mediterranean Theater of Operations NAEB North African Economic Board NAJEM North African Joint Economic Mission NARS World War II Records Division, National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D. C, NATO North African Theater of Operations OCMH Office, Chief of Military History OES Office of Economic Stabilization OEM Office of Economic Warfare OFEC Office of Foreign Economic Coordination OFRRO Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations OFT Office of Foreign Territories OLLA Office of Lend-Lease Administration OPD Operations Division OUSW Office of Under Secretary of War OWI Office of War Information RSC Reconstruction Services Committee SAC Supreme Allied Commander SACMED Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theater SCAEF Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Forces SHAEF Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Forces SMG School of Military Government SH Secretary of War TORCH Allied Invasion of North and Northwest ;Africa, Nov. 1942 USH Under Secretary of War WD War Department WPD War Production Board WSA War Shipping Administration vii CHAPTER I CIVIL AFFAIRS AND MILITARY GOVERNMENT ON THE EVE OF WORLD WAR 1 T ‘ On the basis of the evidence