ETHNOBOTANICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR INDIGENOUS BIOCULTURAL RESILIENCE: RHODIOLA ROSEA IN NUNATSIAVUT © Vanessa Mardones A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Department of Biology/Faculty of Science Memorial University of Newfoundland Submitted August 2019 St. John’s Newfoundland Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1. General Introduction .................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Thesis Outline ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Co-Authorship Statement ..................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 References ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter 2. Assessing the Impact of Environmental Variables on Growth and Phytochemistry of Rhodiola rosea in Coastal Labrador to Inform Small-Scale Enterprise. 15 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................................................ 20 2.2.1 Sampling Sites .................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.2 Growth Measures .............................................................................................................. 21 2.2.3 Phytochemical Analysis .................................................................................................... 22 2.2.4 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................................................ 24 2.3 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.3.1 Growth Measures .............................................................................................................. 24 2.3.2 Phytochemistry ................................................................................................................. 24 2.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 27 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 31 2.6 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. 3 2 2.7 References ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Chapter 3. The Biocultural Context for Development of a Community-Based Enterprise: Nunatsiavut Inuit Knowledge and Perspectives on the Use of the Medicinal Plant Rhodiola rosea ............................................................................................................................................... 39 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 39 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Materials And Methods ....................................................................................................................... 44 3.3 Results ................................................................................................................................................... 48 3.3.1 Nunatsiavut Inuit Uses of Rhodiola .................................................................................. 48 3.3.2 Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Rhodiola Habitat and Cultivation ......................... 52 3.3.3 Perspectives On Community Enterprise and Distribution of Benefits .............................. 53 3.3.4 Concerns and Questions Regarding Community-Based Enterprise .................................. 55 3.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 56 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 61 3.6 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. 6 1 3.7 Declarations .......................................................................................................................................... 62 3.8 References ............................................................................................................................................. 63 ii Chapter 4. Nunatsiavut Inuit Use Of Rhodiola rosea: From Traditional Knowledge to Sustainable Community Enterprise ........................................................................................... 70 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 70 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 71 4.2 Methods ................................................................................................................................................. 75 4.3 Findings ................................................................................................................................................. 76 4.3.1 Market Data ...................................................................................................................... 76 4.3.2 Product Options ................................................................................................................ 77 4.3.3 Scope of Operations .......................................................................................................... 78 4.3.4 Community Benefits ......................................................................................................... 79 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................. 80 4.5 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. 8 9 4.6 Declarations .......................................................................................................................................... 90 4.7 References Cited .................................................................................................................................. 90 Chapter 5. General Conclusion ................................................................................................ 100 References ................................................................................................................................................. 103 Appendix A. Business Opportunity Analysis Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................... A.iii Description of Business ......................................................................................................................... A.iii Product Description/Option(s) ................................................................................................. A.1 Target Consumers .................................................................................................................... A.5 Operations ................................................................................................................................ A.6 Market Analysis And Plan ...................................................................................................................... A.8 The Natural Products Industry ................................................................................................. A.8 Competitive Edge and Profitability.......................................................................................... A.9 Market Strategies ..................................................................................................................... A.9 Competitive Analysis ............................................................................................................. A.10 Strategy and Implementation ...............................................................................................................