COMPARISON OF ZIA AND MUSHARRAF’S AFGHAN POLICIES (1979-2008) M. Phil (Pakistan Studies) Session: 2013-2015 Researcher Supervisor Waqar Ahmad Khan Dr. Muhammad Akbar Malik Roll No. 04 Department of Pakistan Studies The Islamia University of Bahawalpur 2016 i Table of Contents Chapter 1: Historical Background 1 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Pak - Afghan Relations during 1947-77 1.3. Causes of Soviet Union Interference in Afghanistan Chapter 2: Zia’s Afghan policy 17 2.1. Zia’s Afghan Policy 2.2. Arrival of Afghan Refugees in Pakistan 2.3. Foreign Aid 2.4. Effects on Pakistan Economy 2.5. Social Problems 2.6. Political impact Chapter 3: Pak Afghan relations (1988-99) 34 3.1. Benazir‟s Afghan Policy 3.2. Nawaz Sharif‟s Afghan Policy 3.3. The Emergence of Taliban Chapter 4 :Musharraf Afghan policy 48 4.1. Differences of PM Nawaz Sharif and COAS Pervez Musharraf 4.2. 9/11 Incident and US policy 4.3. Gains and Losses in US Partnership 4.3.1. Socio-Political Benefits and Losses 4.3.2. Economic Benefits and Losses 4.3.3. Strategic Benefits and Losses Chapter 5 61 Conclusion 61 Appendix 68 Bibliography 85 ix Abstract The study explores the impacts of policies of Zia in Afghan war (1979-88) and Musharraf‟s decision to join war on terror (2001-08). These two regimes in Pakistan‟s history has left many impacts on our country. During these two periods, Pakistan played a role of front line state. In order to gain personal motives, US formulates its relations with Pakistan. In Zia‟s regime, Pakistan and America support afghan Mujahedeen against Soviet army. The researcher throws light on all these issues. After Zia‟s death in plane crash, the situation in Afghanistan is described and how Pakistan democratic governments played their role for the peace of Afghanistan is described. Then in Musharraf‟s regime, the event of 9/11 proved a turning point in the world history. This event not only changed the whole world scenario but also indulged the world in the long series of war. Under intense pressure from Washington, the government held by Musharraf was compelled to make a 180 degree turn in Pak-afghan policy. Pakistan lost much more and gained less in this war. This war impaired almost every aspect of Pakistan‟s social, economic and political life. Chapter 1 comprises on introduction and historical background of Afghanistan. The relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan from 1947-79 have been described in this chapter. Chapter 2 deals with Zia‟s regime of afghan policy and its impacts on Pakistan. Chapter 3 consists on 1988-99. Here the situation of afghan mujahedeen‟s fight and emergence of Taliban is discussed. Chapter 4 discusses about the incidents of 9/11, the changing relations of Pakistan and America, US-Pak partnership in Musharraf era and gains and losses of this partnership. Chapter 5 comprises of summary, conclusion and recommendation. xi Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction and Background Afghanistan1, a dry land and surrounded with stony mountains, is such a country that has remained under medieval civilization. Afghanistan has importance of a door entering into sub-continent and an important trade highway from ancient time. That is why, Iranian, Greeks and other nations entered into sub-continent through Afghanistan and ruled it after conquering. Durand line and a long line Wakhan, formed in result of Anglo Afghan pact in November 1893, situated in North-East of Afghanistan that was confirmed in case of Rawalpindi pact in 1919 by Indian British and Afghan rulers. Three Muslim states of Soviet Union named Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan are situated in North of Afghanistan.2 In 1991, their position is as independent and sovereign because of breaking of Soviet Union. Valley Wakhan, situated in extremely north east, is surrounded with China, Russia and Jammu Kashmir state. Soviet Union got the control of this valley under a frontier settlement after sending its army in June 16, 1981.3 Pakistan is situated in east and south while Iran is situated in west of Afghanistan. The total length of borders of Afghanistan is 3585 miles with these countries. Boundaries connected to Afghanistan are 44 miles With China, 1532 miles with Pakistan and 528 miles with Iran. The boundary line of Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan is 1489 miles with Afghanistan. The longest boundary of Afghanistan is connected with Pakistan cities and areas of Chitral, Dir, Mohmand, Karam agency, South Waziristan, Zhob, Pishin, Quetta and Chagai.4 1 See Appendix I. 2 See Appendix II. 3 Kessing‟s Contemporary Archives, June 18, 1982. p.3145. 4 Louis Dupree, Afghanistan (N.J. Princeton 1970) Vartan Gregorian, The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan, (California Stanford), 1969, p.65. 1 The background of naming of Afghanistan is stated that Ahmad shah Abdali (1720-73)5 established its independent state in Afghan areas after the death of Iranian king Nadir Shah Afshar (1755-47)6 in 1747; he named this land as Afghanistan.7 Another reason is also stated regarding the name of Afghanistan is that according to Iranians when Bakhat Nasar (562-605) arrested these people. They did aah o faghan (weeping and crying) and in Persian language, aah o afghan means afghan. From that time, it was named afghan.8 Iranians call Afghanis as Oghan that is substitute of afghan word. Indians call them Pathan. Sometimes, they discriminate between afghan and Pathan. The term of afghan is used for Duranis and their adjacent tribes. While Pathan, changed shape of local name in Hindi, word is used for eastern tribes.9 The area of Afghanistan is 2, 50,300 square miles (6, 47,497 square km).10 Afghanistan is situated between longitude of 60 -75 and latitude of 29-38 in north half stratosphere. There is very hotness in summer and severe cold in winter. Four famous rivers of Afghanistan are river Ammo, river Helmand, river Kabul and river Hari River. However, the most famous river is river Ammo.11 Some snowy areas, situated in north of Afghanistan, are totally impassable. Peaks of mountains are very high more than 5000 meters. Snowy glaciers are present in the whole year in these areas and passes. Frequent part of southwestern Afghanistan is consisted of desert concerning land surface and natural resources of Afghanistan. However, 80% part of the country is consisted of mountain range of Hindukush whose height reaches from 1500 feet to 20000 feet. It is saying of Pashtun that when Allah almighty had made the whole universe, he had left a heap of cliffs and stone. He 5 Ahmad Shah was founder of Abdlai government. He ruled over Afghanistan after Nadir Shah Afshar, Wali of Iran. He defeated Mahratta by attacking on India in 1761. (Feroz Sons, Encyclopedia, Third Edition, January 1984, p.980.) 6 Nadir Shah was born in Khorasan. He declared his throne by defeating Turks and Afghans in various wars at the age of 46. By attacking on India in 1739, he took with him a lot of money, Diamond Koh e Noor and Shah Jahan‟s Taos (peacock) throne. 7 Ashiq Muhammad Khan Durani, Tareekh e Afghanistan, Lahore, 1999, p.81. 8 Jamal ud Din Afghani, Tareekh ul Afghan, translated by Abdul Qadoos Hashmi, Karachi, 1977, p.210. 9 Urdu Daira Moarif Islamia, under management of University of Punjab, Lahore, vol.2, 1980, p.933. 10 Asad Saleem Sheikh, Afghan Muhajereen- ek Jaiza, Lahore, 1989, p.14. 11 Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 thought of making another country. Thus, He made Afghanistan with these cliffs and stones.12 Railway system is not present in Afghanistan from the very beginning, although a plan was organized to make a long railway track of 1815 KM with the cooperation of France in 1975. It was a part of plan to connect this railway track with Iran and Pakistan but Soviet Union proved a hindrance in the completion of this plan. It was because Afghanistan can less his dependence over Soviet Union regarding imports and exports in case of connection of Afghan railway with Pakistan and Iran and Afghanistan can turn his attention towards Pakistan and Iran. This thing was not in favor of political and economic interests of Soviet Union.13 According to the estimation of 1981, the population was one crore 63 lakhs 49 thousand. Ninety-nine percent of population of Afghanistan is Muslims and the rest one percent is concerned with other religions. Almost twenty thousand Hindu, Sikh and ten thousand Jews are consisted.14 The population of Afghanistan was consisted of three crore 14 lacs and 12 thousand people during the reign of ex-President Hamid Karzai (2000-12). There were different groups of Afghan people living in Afghanistan like Uzbek, Tajik, Mughal, Pashtun and Hazara etc.15 Present borders of Afghanistan are still same as were in past by historical point of view which were admitted by different states and rulers of world in different ages but modern Afghanistan was not existed in 1747. Ancient Afghanistan was a part of inherited rulers, which came in different historical ages. Because of its geographic importance, most of assaulters attacked it from West and Central Asia. That is why, according to N. Well, “Afghanistan has remained victorious passage because of wide state and dictatorship.”16 12 Christina Lamb, Taliban ka Afghanistan, translated by Muhammad Yahiya Khan, Lahore, 2004, p.12. 13 Asad Saleem Sheikh, Afghan Muhajereen - ek Jaiza, op.cit. p.16. 14 Encyclopedia of Third World (London, 1979), p.28. 15 See Appendix III. 16 Nancy Newell, Richard Newell, The Struggle for Pakistan, London, 1981, p.34. 3 Some areas of Afghanistan have remained under Indian Rulers in different ages.