The Cambridge Phenomenon Revisited “The Impact of Entrepreneurship on Regional Economic and Social Development” Professor Alan Barrell Technical University – Leuven May 29th 2009 A Preview ▪ Deep Roots in History – and Today’s World - Context ▪ There was always great Science and Technology…. ▪ The University has been key….but not the only key... ▪ A relatively recent Genesis of Creativity ▪ The “ Cambridge Phenomenon” – critical elements in retrospect ▪ The Entrepreneurial Influence – Entrepreneurs DO change the World ! – They did in Cambridge ! ▪ Open Innovation and Community Purpose – PEOPLE and NETWORKS ▪ Performance and Prospects……Looking Ahead. A Great University 800 Years Young The University: ▪ Formed by scholars who settled in 1209 ▪ Has produced more Nobel Laureates than any other university, 86 in total ▪ Has 16,500 full time students and 150,000 alumni worldwide ▪ Has 31 colleges, including 3 graduate colleges ▪ The Chancellor is HRH The Duke of Edinburgh, Vice Chancellor Professor Alison Richard Just a few of the Great Discoverers Trinity College’s History and Scientific Development – Cambridge – Science, Innovation and Invention- since the 14th century ▪ Trinity always had a strong scientific tradition* ▪ First use of the word “scientist” 1835 (Whewell) ▪ First European Science Park – 1970 – Dr Sir John Bradfield *Alumni include Newton, Clerk-Maxwell, Rayleigh, Thomson, Walton, Rutherford, Aston, Lyle, both Braggs, Bohr, Hopkins, Klug, Kendrew Cambridge and the Eastern Region Traditional Industries •Agriculture and Food •Fishing •Leather goods - Footwear •Wool and Textiles •Now - 7.5 million people •One of UKs fastest growing Regions •Region governed by EEDA – East of England Development Agency Cambridge in 1960 – was there a “wake – up call ?” ▪ Medieval City ▪ Great University and Seat of Learning ▪ Farmers ▪ Not much Industry ▪ Lots of Bicycles ▪ Entrepreneurs? Entrepreneurship? – “Town and Gown” – and Agriculture…. ▪ But things were changing…. But what does “The Eye on The Wider World” see out there today, and in more recent times ? The Changing Horizon Organisations Environment Issues Technology The death of deference Globalisation New employment patterns Global Dynamics – Manufacturing has Migrated ▪ Two fifths of the Worlds people live in the two fastest growing large economies – China and India ▪ Education, Wealth Creation and New Knowledge are at the heart of Economic Planning in Asia ▪ Growth in Asia is far ahead of Europe. ▪ Dynamic Growth in Manufacturing Base ▪ CASH is in place in the Asian economies – as well as brainpower- China has US$ 2 Trillions of reserves ▪ Labour and Material cost advantages +++++ Changes in Industrial Structure - UK % of Total Employment - UK Government Foresight Report 2001 100 90 80 70 Manufacturing 60 50 All Services 40 30 20 10 0 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Changes in Industrial Structure - Europe % of Total Employment 100 90 80 70 Manufacturing 60 50 All Services 40 30 20 10 0 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Manufacturing HAS Migrated ! Courtesy of Asia Pacific Foundation The West’s Competition ?? Courtesy of Asia Pacific Foundation Sources of Competitiveness Learning Information Creativity Risk Speed Reputation Cost Values Concerning Competition – Beware Arrogance – “Today’s Peacock is Tomorrow’s Feather Duster” Getting back to Cambridge and the Eastern Region – Where is most of the “Hi-Tech” Action?.... • Region is mostly Rural •Industry in the South – including “big Pharma” •Fishing largely finished •Some Engineering in Peterborough •Norwich in the North – largest City •Technology Cluster is around CAMBRIDGE •“The Greater Cambridge Partnership” Greater Cambridge Partnership Area ( GCP) – one of nine “Sub-regional Development Partnerships” in the East of England Region 2002 GC Estimates Population: 750,000 FENLAND Jobs: 359,000 A1(M) (PART) GVA: £12.2bn A10 Chatteris Littleport Ramsey FOREST HEATHA11 HUNTINGDONSHIRE EAST CAMBRIDGESHIRE (PART) Mildenhall Huntingdon A10 A14 A14 A1 Bury St Edmunds St Neots CAMBRIDGE A14 ST EDMUNDSBURY (PART) A11 SOUTH CAMBRIDGESHIRE Haverhill A10 UTTLESFORD (PART) Royston M11 Saffron Walden NORTH HERTFORDSHIRE (PART) Today – we find an Enterprise Society born of the Power of Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Networking – but it took time…. National economy Regional economic development Sub-regional development Building communities of enterprise,social inclusion and common purpose And required….Entrepreneurship…. And that leads us to consider…. Creativity, Innovation, Discovery Culture, and Mindset – Historical Perspectives…and Timing. Because it wasn’t like that in 1960…. Jules Verne – “There is nothing more powerful than an idea whose time has come”…. And - Now….Let’s IMAGINE Einstein on IMAGINATION…. “Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world” Albert Einstein 1879 - 1955 So - thinking of Imagination….What’s different about Entrepreneurs ? “You look at things and ask - why? but I dream of things that never were and ask - why not?” George Bernard Shaw Europe’s Entrepreneurial Imperitive – Josef Schumpeter - 1911 “Entrepreneurs blow gales of creative destruction.” Role of the entrepreneur in transforming economies by developing: • New products • New methods of production • New ways of organizing • Untapped raw materials • Enhanced competitive performance Is The Cambridge Phenomenon an Example of a “Mini-Schumpeter Gale of Creative Destruction?” Charles Darwin – “Natural Selection Adaptability and Survival” Darwin’s Bicentenary this year. A Bioscience Entrepreneur Natural Selection, Adaptation, Symbiosis Synergy Incubation and Cluster Development Can be true What for works for Companies Leaf Hoppers Including and Meat Biotech and Ants Informatics Entrepreneurship – The bigger picture….Leading Social Change (Prof Shai Vyakarnam – Cambridge 2008) India Migrations Single Within and into Economic system Berlin Wall Europe Hasselhof China Is there a shift in Completely new markets economic centre of gravity?-from West to East….? Add the Impact and Timing of the Continuous Technology Revolution…. Compared to an average DAY in 2003…. 1971 All international phone calls 1975 All airline passengers 1984 All mobile phones 1992 All emails 1998 All SMS Source: Analysys, World Bank and ITU Three Converging Revolutions Three Pervasive Technology Platforms BIO TECH Pharmaceuticals Genomics INFO TECH Diagnostics Bioinformatics Hardware Research/Info Proteomics Software Tools Communications Industrial Biosensors Biochips Bioelectronics Nanodevices Microfluidics Nanosensors Nanobiotechnology Nanoelectronics Drug Delivery NANO TECH Electrical Structural Biomedical Energy & Environment 1960 – The “Columbus Spirit” hits Cambridge – and a Cluster emerges Cambridge University Cambridge Consultants Ltd (1960) P.A. Technology The Technology Scientific Generics Symbionics Team Consulting Plextek Partnership • Combined headcount of technology providers currently exceeds 2,500 in UK • PA Technology employs up to 2,500 Worldwide • Combined direct and indirect revenues estimated at $1,5 billions – ? more • PA technology – Revenues $750millions+ • Some players have seed funds • 70 identified spin-outs - highly successful incubator models From 1960 – Birth of the Worlds largest Industrial Ink Jet Cluster Cambridge University Cambridge Consultants Ltd spin-out 1960 Domino Willett Elmjet Ltd Linx Support to Xaar Printing International Printing Imaje Printing 1986 INCA Ltd Sciences Ltd Technologies (France) Technologies 1978 1983 1986 formed 1979 1990 2000 • Total current revenues $1.5 billion + • Total headcount 4,000+ • Major market share participation worldwide • Diaspora populates Ink Jet Industries in international locations • Ink Jet Cluster is enabling “Plastronics” Cluster. Revolution – Plastic Logic – “E-Reader” – already raised $250 millions! Cluster of Steve Barlow Caroline Robert Swann Garey Creativity – from Phil O’ Donovan Aphamosaic Smartbead James Collier Andrew Dames Technologies Acquired by Synaptics a single root Glenn Collinson Polatis Cambridge Silicon Mark Howard Acquired by Elumin Holotag Radio Richard Doyle founded by Dr. Hans Chris Andrew Dames Sensopad Wagner Davies Cyan Sentec Technologies Stuart Hendry Pelikon Andrew Dames Chris Fryer Technology Absolute Gavin Troughton Chris Sensors Adrian Lucas Sphere Medical Mike Willis Roger Pivotal Imerge Barnardo David Paton David Bending Roundpoint Millar Resources 3D Molecular Mike Willis Cambridge Physical Sciences Steve Temple INCA Digital Sciences Gordon Edge, Elizabeth Hill Xaar Printers Bob Pettigrew Mark Tracy Scientific Nigel Playford Bill Baxter Prelude QuantumBEAM Generics Ionica Will Eve Robert Hook Gordon Edge, Bob Graham Martin Paul Gordon Pettigrew, Alan Green Colin Gray Anson Tim Eiloart Edge Adaptive Screening ELMJET Diomed Tony Raven Mike Will Eve CCL Flying Null PA Mike Crossfield Payne Acquired by Graeme MintoDomino 1960 1970 TTP Videojet David Paton Ross Green, Mike Kellaway Robin Wavedriver Technologies Gerald Avison Smith-Saville Acquired by DCS Cambridge Signal PowerGen Mike Storey Mass Process Ltd Automation Richard Archer Symbionics Partnership Xennia Spectrometry Until 1985 Collin Demerged from Technologies Dennis Smithers TTP Group Alan Hudd Plextek TTPCom Fielder Myriad 1986-1990 Tony Milbourn Transversal John Cassells Barrie Griffiths David Yip Steve Mullock Kore ip.access David McKay Technology Acquired by 1991-1995 Acquired by Mettler-Toledo Cadence Ubinetics Ali TTP Acumen Pourtaheri Tality Ventures Bioscience 1996-2000 David