e cabal, from the Hebrew word qabbalah, a secret an elderly man. He is said by *Bede to have been an intrigue of a sinister character formed by a small unlearned herdsman who received suddenly, in a body of persons; or a small body of persons engaged in vision, the power of song, and later put into English such an intrigue; in British history applied specially to verse passages translated to him from the Scriptures. the five ministers of Charles II who signed the treaty of The name Caedmon cannot be explained in English, alliance with France for war against Holland in 1672; and has been conjectured to be Celtic (an adaptation of these were Clifford, Arlington, *Buckingham, Ashley the British Catumanus). In 1655 François Dujon (see SHAFTESBURY, first earl of), and Lauderdale, the (Franciscus Junius) published at Amsterdam from initials of whose names thus arranged happened to the unique Bodleian MS Junius II (c.1000) long scrip­ form the word 'cabal' [0£D]. tural poems, which he took to be those of Casdmon. These are * Genesis, * Exodus, *Daniel, and * Christ and Cade, Jack, Rebellion of, a popular revolt by the men of Satan, but they cannot be the work of Caedmon. The Kent in June and July 1450, Yorkist in sympathy, only work which can be attributed to him is the short against the misrule of Henry VI and his council. Its 'Hymn of Creation', quoted by Bede, which survives in intent was more to reform political administration several manuscripts of Bede in various dialects. than to create social upheaval, as the revolt of 1381 had attempted. Its leader Jack Cade, who is said to have Caelia, in Spenser's * Faerie Queene (1. x) the Lady of the been Irish, took the name Mortimer and marched House of Holiness, mother of Fidelia, Speranza, and triumphantly into London where his followers be­ Charissa (Faith, Hope, and Charity). headed Say, the lord treasurer. After a fight on London Bridge, Cade was abandoned by his followers, where­ Caerleon, see CARLIOUN. upon he retreated into Sussex where he was killed. He appears as a character in Shakespeare's 2 *Henry VI. CAESAR, Gaius Julius (102/100-44 BC), Roman polit­ Cadenus and Vanessa, a poem by * Swift, written in ician who in his middle forties surfaced as a general of 1713 for Esther Vanhomrigh ('Vanessa'). It is the genius. Victor in the factional struggles that destroyed narrative, in mock classical form, of the author's the republic, and eventually dictator, he prepared the relations with 'Vanessa' and an apology for his con­ ground for six centuries of imperial rule. He was also a duct. 'Cadenus' is an obvious anagram of 'Decanus', writer of exceptional ability and has left a lucid account dean. Miss Vanhomrigh evidently took no exception to of his campaigns in his Commentaries. Since he cuts an his statement of the facts, since she preserved the poem attractive figure in the correspondence of *Cicero (the and desired it to be published. It appeared in 1726, principal contemporary source for the events of his three years after her death. lifetime) and is praised by the biographers and his­ torians who served his imperial successors, and since Cadwal, in Shakespeare's *Cymbeline, the name of he had a love affair with Cleopatra, the most fascin­ Cymbeline's younger son *Arviragus during his child­ ating woman of his day, later ages came to look upon hood in Wales. him as a superman. The Commentaries on the Gallic CADWALLADER, (1) the son of Cadwallon, died in 689 War were translated in part by A. *Golding (1565) and according to *Geoffrey of Monmouth. He is the last of C. Edmondes (1600), but they were read in the original the British kings of England, according to the various by every English schoolboy, and mentions of Caesar *Brut chronicles which conclude with him. After his abound in English literature. *Dryden for example day, which was characterized by plague and desolation, cites his opinions repeatedly. But the true signposts to the British would be called Welsh (foreign) and the the nature of his reputation are Shakespeare's *Julius Saxons rule instead in England, until the time proph­ Caesar (c.1599) and *Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra esied by *Merlin for the return of a British king. He (1901). joined Penda (according to Geoffrey, Cadwallader's maternal uncle) against Eadwine, the Anglian king of Caesar and Pompey, a Roman tragedy by *Chapman, Northumbria; (2) a character in Smollett's *Peregrine published 1631, but written between 1599 and 1607. Pickle; (3) a Mrs Cadwallader figures in George Eliot's It deals with the contention of Caesar and Pompey, *Middlemarch. the events leading to the battle of Pharsalus (48 BC), the murder of Pompey, and the suicide of Cato of Utica. The OEDMON (fl. 670) entered the monastery of Streane- latter is the real hero of the play, of which the motto is shalch (Whitby) between 658 and 680, when already 'Only a just man is a free man'. loi CAESURA | CALDERÓN DE LA BARCA caesura, in Greek and Latin prosody, the division of a Rossettis and W B. *Scott were represented. He then metrical foot between two words, especially in certain turned to fiction, with sensational success, writing recognized places near the middle of the line; in novels which achieved wide popularity, many set in the English prosody, a pause about the middle of a metrical Isle of Man: titles include The Manxman (1894), The line, generally indicated by a pause in the sense. Christian (1897), The Eternal City (1901), The Prodigal Son (1904), and The Woman of Knockaloe (1923). The Café Royal, a French-style café-restaurant at 68 Regent Woman Thou Gavest Me (1913) was an attack on Street, which was for several decades from the 1880s women's position in society and a criticism of the onwards the haunt of artists and writers and the scene marriage laws. See Vivien Allen, Hall Caine: Portrait of of many artistic gatherings, scandals, and celebrations. a Victorian Romancer (1997) which describes his Its habitués included * Whistler, * Wilde, *Dowson, A. career, his friendships with Bram * Stoker and G. B. *Symons, *Crowley, F. *Harris, *Firbank, *Beerbohm, *Shaw, and his marriage to child-bride Mary Chandler. and G. B. *Shaw; it appeared in the novels of D. H. *Lawrence (as The Café Pompadour, in * Women in CAIRD, (Alice) Mona (1855-1932). She combined Love), of * Maugham, Arnold * Bennett, E. *Waugh, and polemical feminist writing, particularly on the patri­ others, and was painted and sketched by *Beardsley, archal institution of marriage (essays collected as The Sickert, and others. Its famous Brasserie closed in 1951. Morality of Marriage, 1897) with *New Woman fiction. See Café Royal: Ninety Years of Bohemia (1955) by G. She celebrated women's drive to determine their own Deghy and K. Waterhouse. lives: in The Daughters ofDanaus (1894) the heroine leaves husband and family to study music. Other Cain:A Mystery, a verse drama in three acts by * Byron, novels in which she interrogates what was considered published 1821. Cain, bewildered by the toil imposed 'proper' womanly behaviour and the stifling effect of upon him by another's fault, and by the mystery of the conventionality include The Wing ofAzrael (1889) and 'evil' consequences of 'good' knowledge, is confronted The Stones of Sacrifice (1915). Caird also campaigned by Lucifer, who teaches him to question the wicked extensively against vivisection: see A Sentimental View works and ways of God, the 'Omnipotent tyrant'. of Vivisection (1895) and Beyond the Pale (1897). Byron's bold intellectual speculations on the origins of matter and life are displayed as Lucifer takes Cain on a Caius, Dr, a French physician in Shakespeare's *The dazzling tour of the cosmos: they visit earlier worlds Merry Wives of Windsor. Kent in *King Lear makes a peopled by pre-Adamite beings, witness the extinction reference to 'your servant Caius' (v. iii. 283). Neither of species, and contemplate the populous realm of the character appears to carry any allusion to the real life dead. Cain curses his parents and 'He who invented life Dr John Caius, refounder of Gonville and Caius College, that leads to death'. On his return to earth Cain Cambridge. expresses his doubts and fears to his sister-bride Calantha, the heroine of Ford's *The Broken Heart. Adah, and is reluctant to share his favoured brother Abel's sacrifice to Jehovah. In a fit of passion, revolted CALDERÓN DE LA BARCA, Pedro (1600-81), the great by the barbaric blood-sacrifice and a God who could Spanish dramatist and successor of Lope de *Vega, delight in such offerings, he strikes Abel and kills him, born in Madrid and educated at Salamanca. After a thus bringing into the world Death, the thought of turbulent early life he was ordained priest in 1651; he which had empoisoned his life. Cursed by Eve, rejected enjoyed royal favour, and in 1663 became chaplain of by Adam, and marked on the brow by an angel of the honour to the king. He wrote some 120 plays— Lord, Cain sets forth into exile with his wife and tragedies, comedies of manners, histories, philosoph­ children, knowing that they will further the doom of ical dramas—and, in later life, more than 70 highly mankind. This powerful and spirited enquiry into regarded autos sacramentales, allegorical religious original sin, heredity, free will, and predestination plays with subjects from mythology and the Old caused intense indignation, and the publisher, John and New Testaments, dramatizing aspects of faith. *Murray, was threatened with prosecution. Byron Of his secular plays, one of the best known is El alcalde diplomatically denied that the views represented de Zalamea (c.