Non-Wood Forest Products in Europe Ecologyand management of mushrooms, tree products,understory plants andanimal products Outcomes of theCOST Action FP1203 on EuropeanNWFPs Edited by HARALD VACIK, MIKE HALE,HEINRICHSPIECKER, DAVIDE PETTENELLA &MARGARIDA TOMÉ Bibliographicalinformation of Deutsche Nationalbibliothek [the German National Library] Deutsche Nationalbibliothek [the German National Library] hasregisteredthispublication in theGermanNationalBibliography. Detailed bibliographicaldatamay be foundonlineathttp: //dnb.dnb.de ©2020Harald Vacik Please cite this referenceas: Vacik, H.;Hale, M.;Spiecker,H.; Pettenella, D.;Tomé, M. (Eds)2020: Non-Wood Forest Products in Europe.Ecology andmanagementofmushrooms, tree products,understoryplantsand animal products.Outcomesofthe COST Action FP1203 on EuropeanNWFPs, BoD, Norderstedt,416p. Coverdesign, layout,produced andpublished by:BoD –Books on Demand GmbH, In de Tarpen 42,22848 Norderstedt ISBN:978-3-7526-7529-0 Content 5 1. Introduction.......................................................11 1.1Non-wood forest products.....................................11 1.2Providingevidencefor NWFP collection andusage within Europe ......................................14 1.3Outline of thebook...........................................15 1.4References ...................................................17 2. Identificationand ecologyofNWFPspecies........................19 2.1Introduction.................................................19 2.2 Theidentification of NWFP in Europe. ......................... 24 2.3The importance of theNWFPresource........................30 2.3.1One specieswithmanyproducts .........................31 2.3.2One productwithmanyspecies .........................32 2.3.3One productwithmanyidentities .......................33 2.4Ecologicalrequirements. .....................................35 2.5Conclusions .................................................39 2.6References..................................................40 3. Data &models:importanceofassessing andforecasting non-wood forest products in Europe .........................................43 3.1Assessingand forecastingNWFPasatool forsustainable forest management ............................43 3.2Anoverviewovercurrentdata on NWFP at European-level.................................. 47 3.2.1Analysisofthe geographical areasand thetypeofproducts more commonly inventoriedorincludedindatasets...... 47 3.2.2Aim andspatiotemporalextentofthe inventories.........49 3.2.3Datacollectiontechniques............................. 52 3.2.4Database information:length, units andavailability.......56 3.3Anoverviewonexistingmodelsfor NWFP at Europeanlevel .....62 3.3.1Analysisofthe geographical areasand thetypeof products more commonly modelled .....................62 3.3.2Descriptionofthe models andmethodologicalaspects ....63 3.3.3Model applications in practicalforestmanagement. .......65 3.4Identificationofgaps in knowledge............................68 3.5Proposals, guidelines andrecommendations forthe future .......71 3.6References.................................................. 73 4. Considering NWFPinmulti-purposeforestmanagement...........79 4.1Introductiontomanagementconcepts. ........................ 79 4.2Currentsituation regardingmanagementand regulation 6 of NWFP in Europe..........................................84 4.3CurrentstatusofNWFPmanagementinEurope................88 4.3.1Generalmanagementapproaches.......................88 4.3.2Managementfor mushroomsand truffles.................91 4.3.3Managementfor tree products..........................93 4.3.4Multi-purpose management of cork oak. .................94 4.3.5ManagementofMediterranean stonepine...............95 4.3.6ManagementofMaritimepine..........................95 4.3.7Resin production in Greece............................. 97 4.3.8 Management of understory plants .......................99 4.3.9Managementofgame, bird andwildanimals..............101 4.4Options formulti-purpose management –managingNWFP with other products.........................................103 4.4.1RelationofNWFPmanagement to multi-purposeforestmanagement................... 103 4.4.2Multi-purpose forest management planning at differentspatial levels in Catalonia ....................107 4.4.3Managingoptimal co-production over temporal scales in Mediterraneanforests .............................. 108 4.4.4NWFPinmulti-purpose forest management in theUkrainianCarpathians .......................... 109 4.4.5Rewilding NWFP production in theNetherlands ..........111 4.5Conclusions on NWFP management ...........................113 4.6References..................................................116 5. Economics, marketing andpoliciesofNWFP......................125 5.1Introduction............................................... 126 5.2NWFPproduction andconsumption monitoring: amodel example. ........................................... 129 5.2.1Forestryand theresearch on NWFP in theCzech Republic 130 5.2.2 Outputsofthe survey andtheirquality ..................132 5.3Comparative analysisofNWFPvalue chain in SouthEastEuroperegion................................. 136 5.3.1The collection of primary data ..........................137 5.3.2Researchresults...................................... 138 5.3.3NWFPvalue chainanalysis: thelessons learnt ............145 5.4Ananalysisoftrade patterns forselected NWFP ................146 5.4.1The European NWFP trade: an overallview. ..............147 5.4.2Corktrade ............................................149 5.4.3Mushrooms trade. .....................................152 5.4.4Nutstrade ............................................155 5.4.5Berries trade..........................................158 5.4.6Trade dependence: aproblem andanopportunity.........162 5.5Developing NWFP:the roleofinnovation. ......................162 5.5.1Innovations in NWFP.................................. 163 7 5.5.2The role of entrepreneurship.......................... 166 5.5.3The role of political-institutionalframeworks............167 5.5.4The role of social change ...............................171 5.5.5InnovationpatternsinEuropeanNWFP..................173 5.5.6Support strategies forinnovations in NWFP ..............175 5.6Promoting NWFP:branding, standardsand certification .........176 5.6.1BrandingofNWFP.....................................177 5.6.2Mainstandards andcertificationschemes applicable to NWFP ...................................178 5.6.3Acomparativeanalysis.................................187 5.6.4Concludingconsiderations............................. 188 5.7Wildgamemeatmarkets:the wild boar case in Italyand Romania from avalue chainperspective ............................... 190 5.7.1Methods forthe valuechainanalysisofthe meat markets. .192 5.7.2Meatconsumption andchainvalue: theItalian case study. .192 5.7.3Meatconsumption andchainvalue: theRomanian case study........................................... 196 5.7.4Wildgamemeatmarketislargely informal .............. 198 5.8 Conclusions ................................................200 5.9References.................................................202 6. Mushrooms&truffles............................................213 6.1Introduction................................................214 6.2Characterizationoffungalcommunities andfungaldiversity ....220 6.2.1The useofbelowgroundcommunities to studyfruit bodyproduction ..........................221 6.2.2The useofspore trapstostudy fruitbodyproduction ....222 6.3Ecology of mushroom andtrufflespecies .....................224 6.3.1Distributionpatternsand productivity ..................224 6.3.2Impactofglobalchange on diversity, productivity anddistributionpatterns..................225 6.4Towards mycosilviculture:fungaloriented forest management andplanning............................. 227 6.4.1Silvicultural treatments andtheir impact on mushroom yields............................229 6.4.1.1Thinning .....................................229 6.4.1.2Regeneration methods..........................231 6.4.1.3Pruning ......................................232 6.4.1.4Weed andshrub control.......................232 6.4.1.5Fertilization ..................................232 6.4.1.6Irrigation.....................................233 6.4.1.7Prescribed burning. ...........................233 6.4.2Important edible commercial wild forest mushrooms. ....234 8 6.5Socioeconomylinkedtomushrooms andtruffles in ruralareas.. 237 6.6Conclusions ................................................ 247 6.7References.................................................248 7. Non-wood tree products in Europe ...............................263 7.1Introduction...............................................264 7.2Identification of non-woodtreeproductsrelevantfor Europe...264 7.3In-depthanalysisofthe most relevant non-wood tree species ......................................265 7.3.1Christmas trees......................................265 7.3.2Chestnut............................................268 7.3.3Resin ................................................ 272 7.3.4Mediterranean pine nuts .............................. 276 7.3.5Birch products in Finland. .............................280 7.3.6Acorns..............................................283 7.3.7Cork................................................285 7.4Conclusions ................................................ 291 7.5References .................................................292 8NWFPfromunderstoryplantsinEurope. .........................305 8.1Introduction...............................................305