Cunninghamia Date of Publication: 23 March 2015 A journal of plant ecology for eastern Australia ISSN 0727- 9620 (print) • ISSN 2200 - 405X (Online) The flora of Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales: Summary and overview M.D. Doherty1, G. Wright2 and K.L. McDougall3 1 CSIRO Land & Water Flagship, Canberra; AUSTRALIA; email: [email protected] 2Parks Conservation and Heritage, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Queanbeyan, 2620 AUSTRALIA [email protected]; 3Regional Operations and Heritage, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, Queanbeyan, 2620 AUSTRALIA; [email protected] Abstract: Although Kosciuszko National Park is one of the largest and oldest in New South Wales, the vascular flora found within it has not been fully documented. An understandable focus on the alpine and subalpine flora has resulted in a lesser focus on the flora of the extensive tracts of forest and woodlands found in the montane, tableland and lower Snowy River zones of the Park. Here we summarise and provide an overview of the entire vascular flora across the full range of floristic zones within Kosciuszko, building upon earlier summaries focussed solely on the alpine and subalpine zones. Our compilation of records resulted in a total vascular flora for Kosciuszko National Park of 1435 taxa, of which 1105 taxa (77%) are native and 330 taxa (23%) are alien, excluding cultivated taxa. Based on 1990 data for the flora of New South Wales, Kosciuszko National Park hosts 24% of the State’s native vascular flora and 26% of the State’s alien vascular flora. There are 25 species of vascular plant that are endemic to the park and all but one (Haloragis milesiae) occur in the alpine and subalpine zones. A further 86 species have their NSW occurrences confined to the park. Many of the 24 endangered or vulnerable species found within the park also have their main occurrences in treeless subalpine and alpine vegetation. An additional 105 species are at the limits of their geographic distribution, have disjunct occurrences in the park or are uncommon in the Alps and these occur across a range of floristic zones. At least one species, Euphrasia scabra, is listed as presumed extinct in the park although it occurs elsewhere in New South Wales. Although well surveyed overall, areas including the Byadbo Wilderness, Pilot Wilderness and forests on the western flanks are by comparison under sampled and will require further survey effort in future to fully document the flora of the park. Historical legacies of past land use practices and impacts from current recreational uses, as well as impacts from feral herbivores and alien plant species all pose ongoing threats to the long term survival of many plant species found within the park. The interaction of these threats with increasing temperatures, shifting rainfall patterns including snow cover and changing fire regimes will require ongoing monitoring and increased resourcing if significant changes to ecosystems are to be effectively managed. Cunninghamia (2015) 15: 13-68 doi 10.7751/cunninghamia.2015.15.002 Cunninghamia: a journal of plant ecology for eastern Australia © 2015 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/science/Scientific_publications/cunninghamia 14 Cunninghamia 15: 2015 Doherty, Wright & McDougall, The flora of Kosciuszko National Park Introduction Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian volcanics and a series of faults run through the middle of the reserve from south west Kosciuszko National Park (KNP) is the largest national to north east, resulting in a complicated geology, particularly park in New South Wales and comprises 690,660 ha of in the northern parts between the Long Plain Fault Zone and diverse climates, geologies and vegetation types. Vegetation the Tantangara Fault. Small areas of Silurian Limestone also communities range from dry woodland and shrubland occur in this northern area (e.g. Yarrangobilly Caves, Blue communities in the lower Snowy River area (Clayton-Greene Waterholes) as do occasional intrusions of Tertiary Basalt & Ashton 1990; Pulsford et al.1993) through extensive (e.g. east of Mt. Selwyn). An altitudinal range of over 2000 tracts of montane forest and woodland communities, to the m, from 200 m asl in the lower Snowy River to 2228 m asl herbfields of the true alpine zone (Wimbush & Costin 1973; on Mt. Kosciuszko, gives rise to a wide range of climatic Costin et al. 2000) as well as unusual communities such as conditions (Table 1). Overall, the eastern fall of the reserve Acacia shrublands (Clayton-Greene & Wimbush 1988) and receives less precipitation than the central and western areas, cool temperate rainforest (Doherty et al. 2011). Vegetation due to a rain shadow effect and this is particularly the case in types and patterns found within KNP have been summarised the lower Snowy River area. broadly by Good (1992) and in more detail by Gellie (2005). The park has been the subject of botanical exploration and The area comprising what is now KNP was inhabited by the documentation since the late 1800s (Helms 1890; Maiden Walgalu, Djilamatang and Ngarigo Aboriginal tribal groups 1898; Maiden 1899). However, because the area contains the (Tindale 1974; Young, Mundy & Mundy 2000). Alpine highest peaks in Australia and because true alpine areas in and subalpine areas were used seasonally, particularly in Australia are highly restricted (Costin 1957; Costin 1968; relation to the harvesting of Bogong moths in summer Costin 1981), much of the botanical focus within Kosciuszko (Flood 2010) whereas permanent and more intensive use was National Park has been in the treeless alpine and subalpine made of fertile areas at lower altitudes on the Tablelands, zones (Wimbush & Costin 1973; Wimbush & Costin 1979a; including the Snowy River Valley. European colonisation Wimbush & Costin 1979b; Wimbush & Costin 1979c; and subsequent settlement and exploration from the early McDougall & Walsh 2002; McDougall & Walsh 2007). 1800s onward led to a period of mixed land use ranging from Alpine and treeless areas represent less than 14% of the gold mining and cattle and sheep grazing in the mid 19th to area of the park and the surrounding tracts of montane and mid 20th centuries to intensive development for the Snowy tablelands forests and woodlands are much less documented Mountains Hydroelectric Scheme from the mid 20th century and studied. This paper builds upon the work of Thompson onward. There has also been concentrated development in and Gray (1981), which focussed on areas above 1500m, and subalpine areas for ski resort development since the 1970s. extends coverage to the whole of KNP so as to provide a The core of the park was declared in 1944 as a State Park comprehensive record of all known vascular plant species. and a variety of additions over the subsequent decades and a change in status in 1967 to National Park have increased Location, Biophysical Setting and History the park to over 690,000 ha. Although much of what is now Kosciusko National Park still retains relatively intact The park is located in the Southern Tablelands Botanical vegetation communities and a diverse flora, these past Region of NSW and protects significant areas of the land uses have left a legacy of disturbances from grazing, Australian Alps and South East Highlands Bioregions (IBRA clearing, logging and altered fire regimes. One legacy of 2004). The geology of the region is complex (see Bureau of these disturbances has been the establishment of populations Mineral Resources, 1990), but more than half of the reserve of exotic plant species, naturalised either from the grazing consists of Silurian and Devonian granitic rocks, particularly era or resulting from plantings and introductions during the in the higher southern parts of the park, which have displaced mining and hydroelectric development periods. Ordovician sediments to the west and to the east. A mixture of Methods Table 1. Modelled climatic ranges in Kosciuszko National Park (BIOCLIM 30 sec resolution) (Hijmans et al. 2005). Thompson & Gray (1981) was used as the starting point for the list compilation. Collections were then examined from Australian herbaria via Australia’s Virtual Herbarium Climate Variable Range http://avh.chah.org.au/, and the Waste Point Herbarium, Kosciuszko National Park, maintained by the New South Mean annual temperature 2.4–13.3°C Wales Office of Environment and Heritage. Taxa included Mean temperature of coldest month -5.5–0.8°C in the list were primarily from herbarium specimens, but a Mean temperature of warmest month 13.8–29.6°C small number of species were added based on authoritative sources where no specimen had been lodged (see Appendix Mean annual precipitation 590–2720mm 1). The list is current as of June 2014. Data on origin and Mean precipitation of driest month 34–128mm use of alien species were obtained from the Germplasm Resources Information Network (http://www.ars-grin.gov/), Mean precipitation of wettest month 62–297mm accessed in August 2013. After compilation and vetting of Cunninghamia 15: 2015 Doherty, Wright & McDougall, The flora of Kosciuszko National Park 15 Fig. 1. Map of Floristic zones in Kosciuszko National Park. 16 Cunninghamia 15: 2015 Doherty, Wright & McDougall, The flora of Kosciuszko National Park Table 2. Floristic Zones in Kosciuszko National Park based on McRae (1989) and Good (1992), indicating area of each zone and sampling intensity of all vegetation surveys undertaken within it. Floristic Zone Area (ha) Area (as % Full Floristic Plot Density of KNP) Plots (No.) per 10,000 ha Lower Snowy < 700m (Dry Woodlands and Open Forests) 48200 7 46 9 Tableland Forest 400-1000m (Dry – Moist Forests) 186706 27 138 7 Montane Forest 1000m- 1400m (Moist – Wet Forests) 228743 33 239 10 Subalpine Snowgum 1400-1800m (Moist Woodlands and Open Forests) 139967 20 123 9 Subalpine/Montane Treeless < 1800m (Grasslands, Bogs, Fens and Heathlands) 62165 9 211 34 Alpine > 1800m (Herbfields, Feldmark, Grasslands, Bogs, Fens and Heathlands) 24879 4 148 59 Table 3.