UNMASKING EVOLUTION by Laurence D Smart BScAgr, Dip Ed, Grad Dip Ed The Resource Book REPRODUCIBLE BLACK-LINE Copy freely MASTERS August 1995 May 1996 July 2000 September 2000 -1- FORWARD The theory of evolution is believed to be an incontrovertible fact by the general public and most of the scientific community, and is taught as such by most educators. This should not be the case. The theory of evolution is a valid scientific hypothesis, but the facts are that it has not been proved beyond a shadow of a doubt. To be proven valid, the theory of evolution must undergo the scrutiny (rigours) of the scientific method. This, however, cannot be accomplished because the millions of years required for experimental testing are beyond the reasonable limit of human observation. The current ‘evidence’ for the theory of evolution would not stand up in a court of law while undergoing judicial scrutiny. There would be indications that biased interpretation of data had occurred, as alternative theories could be presented to account for observed and tested facts. The theory of evolution needs its facade of scientific immutability lifted, and exposed for what it really is - an unproven scientific theory. My university training and experience as a research scientist, led me to do an analysis of the scientific data on evolution. This set of facts and quotes is my expose, and it is a step in the direction of lifting evolution’s facade. (15/4/95) INTRODUCTION I have been teaching science for over 25 years, but I have had a number of problems with the theory of evolution. 1. I knew that there were no absolute proofs for evolution. 2. Almost all of my colleagues taught evolution as a fact. 3. All the textbooks presented evolution and the geological ages as facts. 4. The media presented evolution as a fact, announcing new 'proofs' with great fanfare, but not reciprocating when 'proofs' were falsified. 5. I knew that many of the 'proofs' of evolution were no longer regarded as proof by the world's leading scientists. 6. I knew that a lot of research was disproving evolution, but the results were either not reaching the teaching profession, or the teachers were biased and refused to present them to their students. With this background, I decided to write this book. It was written as a resource for science teachers and students, as a collation of information that contradicts what is being taught in schools. I have structured each section by addressing its basic premises and then replying from logic, research, and the world's leading scientists. Each section is introduced with the statement, "Evolution says". I did this because this is the way it is imposed on school children, i.e. as an irrefutable dictum. I reply with "The facts are", presenting factual material that should be included in lessons in schools. The material I present in this book represents the factual information that was available at the time of publishing. There will be a myriad of responses regarding their validity, age, etc., however, these will be personal opinions which do not restrict the contents from being considered by others. Subject Contents THE BIG BANG ............................................................................................... 1 C.O.B.E. PROBE............................................................................................... 2 THE UNIVERSE............................................................................................... 3 SOLAR SYSTEM - THE SUN .......................................................................... 4 SOLAR SYSTEM - THE PLANETS ................................................................. 5 THE EARTH ..................................................................................................... 6 THE MOON...................................................................................................... 7 NEW PLANETS................................................................................................ 8 STARS .............................................................................................................. 9 COMETS......................................................................................................... 10 EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD........................................................................ 11 THE EARTH'S TILT & THE ICE AGES......................................................... 12 GEOLOGIC PROCESSES .............................................................................. 13 PLATE TECTONICS ...................................................................................... 14 CONTINENTAL DRIFT ................................................................................. 15 ROCK FORMATION...................................................................................... 16 LIMESTONE CAVES..................................................................................... 17 OIL FORMATION.......................................................................................... 18 COAL FORMATION...................................................................................... 19 GEOLOGIC COLUMN................................................................................... 20 RADIODATING ............................................................................................. 21 RADIODATING ERRORS ............................................................................. 22 RADIOCARBON DATING ............................................................................ 23 CHEMICAL EVOLUTION............................................................................. 24 DNA................................................................................................................ 25 CAMBRIAN FOSSILS.................................................................................... 26 PLANTS.......................................................................................................... 27 FISH................................................................................................................ 28 AMPHIBIANS ................................................................................................ 29 REPTILES....................................................................................................... 30 DINOSAURS .................................................................................................. 31 DINOSAUR EXTINCTION............................................................................ 32 INVERTEBRATES ......................................................................................... 33 MAMMALS.................................................................................................... 34 HORSES ......................................................................................................... 35 BIRDS............................................................................................................. 36 ARCHAEOPTERYX....................................................................................... 37 PRIMATES ..................................................................................................... 38 Subject Contents PROCONSUL & RAMAPITHECUS .............................................................. 39 AUSTRALOPITHECUS ................................................................................. 40 LUCY.............................................................................................................. 41 HOMO ERECTUS & HOMO HABILIS ......................................................... 42 JAVA MAN & PEKING MAN ....................................................................... 43 PILTDOWN MAN & OTHERS...................................................................... 44 NEANDERTALS ............................................................................................ 45 STONE AGE HUMANS ................................................................................. 46 MODERN HUMANS...................................................................................... 47 HUMAN EVOLUTIONARY TREE................................................................ 48 HUMAN ORIGINS......................................................................................... 49 SIMPLE-TO-COMPLEX ................................................................................ 50 FOSSIL EVIDENCE ....................................................................................... 51 FOSSIL RECONSTRUCTION........................................................................ 52 INTERPRETING FOSSILS............................................................................. 53 'PRIMITIVE' ANIMALS................................................................................. 54 LIVING FOSSILS........................................................................................... 55 MISSING LINKS AND INBETWEEN FORMS ............................................. 56 EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE......................................................................... 57 EVOLUTION IN ACTION ............................................................................. 58 COMPUTER SIMULATIONS........................................................................ 59 EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS ........................................................... 60 VESTIGIAL ORGANS ................................................................................... 61 EMBRYOLOGY............................................................................................