Volume 11 2017 Number 1 JEFJOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY AND FOLKLORISTICS Editor-in-Chief Ergo-Hart Västrik Guest Editor Pirjo Virtanen, Eleonora A. Lundell, Marja-Liisa Honkasalo Editors Risto Järv, Indrek Jääts, Art Leete, Pille Runnel, Taive Särg, Ülo Valk Language Editor Daniel Edward Allen Managing Editor Helen Kästik Advisory Board Pertti J. Anttonen, Alexandra Arkhipova, Camilla Asplund Ingemark, Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer, Dace Bula, Tatiana Bulgakova, Anne-Victoire Charrin, Carlo A. Cubero, Silke Göttsch, Lauri Harvilahti, Mihály Hoppál, Aivar Jürgenson, Patrick Laviolette, Bo Lönnqvist, Margaret Mackay, Irena Regina Merkienė, Stefano Montes, Kjell Ole Kjærland Olsen, Alexander Panchenko, Éva Pócs, Peter P. Schweitzer, Victor Semenov, Laura Siragusa, Timothy R. Tangherlini, Peeter Torop, Žarka Vujić, Elle Vunder, Sheila Watson, Ulrika Wolf-Knuts Editorial Address Estonian National Museum Muuseumi tee 2 60532 Tartu, Estonia Phone: + 372 735 0405 E-mail: [email protected] Online Distributor De Gruyter Open Homepage http://www.jef.ee http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/jef Design Roosmarii Kurvits Layout Tuuli Kaalep Printing Bookmill, Tartu, Estonia Indexing Anthropological Index Online, DOAJ, ERIH Plus, MLA Directory of Periodicals (EBSCO), MLA International Bibliography (EBSCO), Open Folklore Project This issue is supported by the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research (projects IUT2-43, IUT22-4 and PUT590) and by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence in Estonian Studies, CEES). JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY AND FOLKLORISTICS ISSN 1736-6518 (print) ISSN 2228-0987 (online) The Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics is the joint publication of the Estonian Literary Museum, the Estonian National Museum and the University of Tartu. Established in 2007. Published formerly as • Pro Ethnologia • Studies in Folklore and Popular Religion • Studies in Folk Culture Established in 1993 Established in 1996 Established in 2003 ISSN 1406-9962 ISSN 1406-1090 ISSN 1736-1192 All rights reserved JOURNAL OF ETHNOLOGY AND FOLKLORISTICS Volume 11 | Number 1 | 2017 CONTENTS EDITORIAL Contemporary Ritual Landscapes. Preface to the Special Issue ............3 ARTICLES (SPECIAL ISSUE) PIRJO KRISTIINA VIRTANEN, ELEONORA A. LUNDELL, MARJA-LIISA HONKASALO Introduction: Enquiries into Contemporary Ritual Landscapes .............5 ART LEETE Landscape and Gods among the Khanty ........................ 19 LEA KANTONEN, PEKKA KANTONEN The Living Camera in the Ritual Landscape: The Teachers of the Tatuutsi Maxakwaxi School, the Wixárika Ancestors, and the Teiwari Negotiate Videography 39 BÉNÉDICTE BRAC DE LA PERRIÈRE Initiations in the Burmese Ritual Landscape ...................... 65 ELISA FARINACCI The Israeli–Palestinian Separation Wall and the Assemblage Theory: The Case of the Weekly Rosary at the Icon of Our Lady of the Wall ......... 83 JOHANNA SUMIALA “Je suis Charlie” and the Digital Mediascape: The Politics of Death in the Charlie Hebdo Mourning Rituals ..........................111 ARTICLES (REGULAR) AZHER HAMEED QAMAR The Postpartum Tradition of Sawa Mahina in Rural Punjab, Pakistan .........127 TATIANA VAGRAMENKO ‘Blood’ Kinship and Kinship in Christ’s Blood: Nomadic Evangelism in the Nenets Tundra ...................................151 NOTES AND REVIEWS The Concept of Work in Yupik Eskimo Society Before and After the Russian Influx: A Linguist’s Perspective.........................170 Notes for Contributors ................................. 178 Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 11 (1): 3 DOI: 10.1515/jef-2017-0001 CONTEMPORARY RITUAL LANDSCAPES PREFACE TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE The papers of this special issue of the Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics were pre- sented at the Ethnography of Contemporary Ritual Landscapes panel organised at the Conference of the Finnish Anthropological Society at the University of Helsinki, Octo- ber 21–22, 2015. The theme of the conference was Landscapes, Sociality and Material- ity. The conveners of the panel were Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen and Eleonora Lundell, with discussant Marja-Liisa Honkasalo. The aim of the panel was to examine how ritu- als organise the production and perception of landscape and how landscape produces ritual. We would also like to thank the organisers of the Landscapes, Sociality and Material- ity conference in Helsinki, especially Anu Lounela and Katja Uusihakala. We are grate- ful to the editors of JEF to their final editorial work, to chief editor Ergo-Hart Västrik, and to the reviewers of the manuscripts for their valuable comments. In addition we would like to thank the University of Helsinki and the Academy of Finland for funding that contributed to our research. Pirjo Kristiina Virtanen Guest editor of the Special Issue Eleonora Lundell Guest editor of the Special Issue Marja-Liisa Honkasalo Guest editor of the Special Issue © 2017 Estonian Literary Museum, Estonian National Museum, University of Tartu 3 ISSN 1736-6518 (print), ISSN 2228-0987 (online) Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 11 (1): 5–17 DOI: 10.1515/jef-2017-0002 INTRODUCTION: ENQUIRIES INTO CONTEMPORARY RITUAL LANDSCAPES PIRJO KRISTIINA VIRTANEN Assistant professor Indigenous studies University of Helsinki Unioninkatu 40, P.O. Box 24 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland e-mail: [email protected] ELEONORA A. LUNDELL MA, PhD Student Department of World Cultures University of Helsinki Unioninkatu 38 A, P.O. Box 59 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland e-mail: [email protected] MARJA-LIISA HONKASALO Professor Center for the Study of Culture and Health University of Turku Kaivokatu 12 20014 University of Turku, Finland e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT ‘Landscape’ and ‘ritual’ have been largely discussed in the social and human sci- ences, although their inter-relatedness has gained little scholarly attention. Draw- ing on earlier studies of ritual and landscape, as well as the authors’ own ethno- graphic works, ‘ritual landscape’ is suggested here as a useful analytical tool with which to understand how landscapes are produced, and how they, in their turn, produce certain types of being. ‘Ritual landscape’ recognises different modali- ties of agency, power-relation, knowledge, emotion, and movement. The article* shows how the subjectivity of other-than-human beings such as ancestors, earth * Our research has been funded by the Research Funds of the University of Helsinki and the Academy of Finland (project entitled Mind and the Other: An Interdisciplinary Study on the Interactions of Multiple Realities, SA 266573). © 2017 Estonian Literary Museum, Estonian National Museum, University of Tartu 5 ISSN 1736-6518 (print), ISSN 2228-0987 (online) formations, land, animals, plants and, in general, materiality of ritual contexts, shape landscapes. We argue that ways of perceiving landscape includes a number of material and immaterial aspects indicated by ways of moving through land- scapes and interacting with different human and non-human subjects that come to inhabit the world, creating relations and producing agentive ensembles and com- plexes. KEYWORDS: ritual landscape • non-human agency • materiality • immaterial- ity • belonging • relationality ‘Ritual landscape’ as a concept emerged in archaeology in the 1980s to conceptualise sacred archaeological complexes where the artefacts found are mainly ceremonial, and where material evidence of other human activity is absent or sparse (Robb 1998). A vari- ety of ontological notions involved in ritual practice affect how landscapes are created, transformed, perceived, and experienced, both in urban and rural areas, and from this understanding the idea of landscape as produced as a consequence of the thought and values related to so-called sacred or social orders has emerged (Morphy 1991; Moore 2004). This special issue invites authors to discuss ritual landscape through the medium of contemporary ethnography. Our questions initiate exploration in two directions: firstly, the ways in which ritual (re)produces and organises landscape and the kinds of ritual agency that intertwine with this process. How is landscape perceived in the ritual pro- cess? What are the methods of creating ritual landscapes? This special issue examines specific knowledge, sounds, smells, and visual elements as ways of engaging with cer- tain places and spaces or thinking about its human and non-human actors. What do these factors indicate? The second direction attends to how landscape, in its turn, shapes and modifies ritual. The ethnographies presented in this special issue discuss the different ideas relat- ing to subjectivity, the personhood of spirits, objects, earth formations, land, ancestors, plants, and animals that act in ritual contexts in relation to landscape. We especially focus on interactions between human and non-human actors in the making of ritual landscapes. Thus, we not only address the acts of humans, but also the role of non- humans as we consider their agency in terms of materiality and movement crucial in the production of ritual landscapes. We also ask how ritual landscapes are embedded and produced in politics and eco- nomics and how these, in their turn, produce landscapes. And how do specific histo- ricities shape ritual landscapes? Furthermore, what can we say about landscapes in places where different religious ontologies coexist and merge, such as in the context of the urban areas? These landscapes can even become battlefields when different actors aim to use the same places for their