Naseljenost, Korištenje I Zaštita Voda Sana River Drainage Area – Population, Use and Water Protection

Naseljenost, Korištenje I Zaštita Voda Sana River Drainage Area – Population, Use and Water Protection

PORIJEČJE SANE – NASELJENOST, KORIŠTENJE I ZAŠTITA VODA SANA RIVER DRAINAGE AREA – POPULATION, USE AND WATER PROTECTION EMIR TEMIMOVIĆ Profesor geografije, Čurčići 6, 79280 Ključ, Bosna i Hercegovina UDK 504(282 Sana) Primljeno / Received: 2007-02-02 Izvorni znanstveni članak Original scientific paper U članku se razmatra naseljenost te korištenje i zaštita voda poriječja Sane u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Bosne i Hercegovine. Geografske i hidrogeografske karakteristike značajno su se odrazile na naseljenost istraživanog područja. Politika održivog razvoja pretpostavlja da je održivo upravljanje vodama integralni dio planiranja prostora. To svakako obuhvaća korištenje i zaštitu voda u poriječju. Zaključno, članak obuhvaća autorov prijedlog zaštićenih spomenika prirode i zaštićenih pejsaža-krajolika u istraživanom području. Ključne riječi: poriječje Sane, naseljenost poriječja, korištenje i zaštita voda, Bosna i Hercegovina The paper discusses population, water use and protection in Sana River drainage area, situated in the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Geographic and hydrogeographic features have a strong influence on the population of this area. Sustainable development policy presumes that sustainable water management is an integral part of spatial planning. That certainly encompasses water use and protection in the drainage area. Finally, the author expresses his opinion concerning the protected natural monuments and landscapes in the investigated area. Key words: Sana River drainage area, population, water use and protection, Bosnia and Herzegovina Uvod Introduction Poriječje Sane obuhvaća dijelove zapadne i Sana River drainage area is located in the sjeverozapadne Bosne i Hercegovine. Površina western and northwestern part of Bosnia and poriječja omeđena površinskom (topografskom, Herzegovina. The total drainage area bounded orografskom) razvodnicom iznosi 3739,75 km2 by surface (topographic, orographic) watershed is (prema vlastitim mjerenjima s karata mjerila 3,739.75 km2 (the reference maps are of scales 1 : 1 : 50 000 i 1 : 100 000). Navedeno područje 50,000 and 1 : 100,000). The investigated area is obilježava heterogenost litološkog sastava (česta marked by heterogeneous lithological composition izmjena vodonepropusnih i vodopropusnih stijena) (recurrent exchange of permeable and impermeable izrazita rasjedna razlomljenost terena uz pojave rocks), distinct fault fragmentation of the terrain karbonatnih slojeva, što je utjecalo da se hidrološka and the occurrences of carbonate layers, resulting (dubinska) razvodnica ne podudara s površinskom in nonconformity between hydrological (deep) razvodnicom. U južnim i jugozapadnim dijelovima watershed and surface watershed. In southern and istraživanog područja dolazi do nepodudaranja southwestern parts of the examined area there is površinske i dubinske razvodnice i to su tereni na nonconformity between surface and hydrological kojima su hidrološkim istraživanjima dokazani watershed. Hydrological researches in these areas podzemni pravci otjecanja (ponor –vrelo) (Kanaet, determined the groundwater flow directions 1959.). U ovom je prostoru izdvojeno (Sl. 1.) (sinkhole – karst spring) (Kanaet, 1959). Within zajedničko podzemno slijevno područje Sane i this area we can distinguish (Fig. 1): Sana and Plive površine 320,75 km2, zona sjeverozapadnog Pliva Rivers joint groundwater drainage area 23 E. Temimović Geoadria 12/1 (2007) 23-45 Slika 1. Poriječje Sane Figure 1 Sana River drainage area 24 E. Temimović Geoadria 12/1 (2007) 23-45 dijela Glamočkog polja koja se podzemnim vezama (covering an area of 320.75 km2), northwestern odvodnjava prema vrelima Sane i Ribnika (174,5 part of Glamočko Polje that drains toward Sana km2) te zone Bravskog polja i jugoistočnog dijela and Ribnik karst springs through the underground Petrovačkog polja koje se dokazanim podzemnim connections (174.5 km2), Bravsko Polje area with vezama (Kanaet, 1959.) odvodnjavaju prema southeastern part of Petrovo Polje that drain vrelima Sanice, Korčanice, Dabra i nekim manjim toward Sanica, Korčanica and Dabra springs vrelima jugozapadnog dijela poriječja (282,25 through the underground (Kanaet, 1959), and km2). Prema tome, ukupna površina poriječja Sane some smaller karst springs in southwestern part iznosi 4 517,25 km2 uključivši navedena zajednička of drainage area (282.25 km2). Consequently, the podzemna slijevna područja. total area of Sana River drainage basin including the above-mentioned joint groundwater drainage Poriječje Sane pripada crnomorskom slijevu, a area is 4,517.25 km2. na području Glamočkog polja graniči s jadranskim slijevom, odnosno poriječjem Cetine. Tamo gdje Sana River drainage area is a part of the Black je to bilo moguće, odnosno gdje je hidrološkim Sea drainage basin, and in Glamočko Polje area istražnim radnjama utvrđena podzemna veza, it borders with Adriatic drainage basin, i.e. with obrađeni su tereni koji se nalaze izvan površinske Cetina River drainage area. Where it was possible, razvodnice poriječja Sane. i.e. where hydrological researches had proven groundwater connections, terrains outside surface Poriječje Sane odvodnjava najveći dio Bosanske watershed of Sana River drainage area were also krajine. Pod pojmom Bosanske krajine nailazi se na investigated. različit prostorni obuhvat. Većina autora Bosansku krajinu smješta između Vrbasa na istoku, Save na Sava River catchment drains the largest part sjeveru, Une na zapadu, a na jugu granicu čini of Bosanska Krajina. There are several definitions planinski niz Vitorog (1907 m) – Crna gora (1651 concerning the spatial range of Bosanska Krajina. m) – Šator (1872 m). Druga strana Une, tj. lijeva Most of the authors define Bosanska Krajina as the obala, prostor je Cazinske ili Ljute krajine. area between Vrbas River in the east, Sava River in the north, Una in the west, and Vitorog (1,907 m) – Crna Gora (1,651 m) – Šator (1,872 m) mountain Pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja range in the south. The left bank of Una River is the region called Cazinska or Ljuta Krajina. U literaturi se nalazi razmjerno malo sveobuhvatnih znanstveno-istraživačkih radova kojima je područje istraživanja cjelokupno poriječje Previous researches Sane, napose u geografiji. Hidrogeografski radovi u Bosni i Hercegovini do sada nisu obuhvaćali There is relatively small number of poriječje Sane. Nešto studioznije i detaljnije comprehensive scientific papers on complete Sana poriječje Sane je obrađeno u raznim elaboratima River drainage area, especially geographic papers. i studijama koje su imale za zadatak odrediti So far, none of the hydrogeographical works hidroenergetske potencijale rijeke Sane i njezinih written in Bosnia and Herzegovina included Sana pritoka; npr. HE Vrhpolje sa HE Čaplje, Elaborat, River drainage area. Sana River drainage area was Energoinvest, Sarajevo, 1999. analyzed more studiously and in more detail in different reports and studies that were aimed at Podatci o naseljenosti poriječja preuzeti su iz determining hydroenergetic potential of Sana River Statističkog zavoda Sarajevo i Državnog zavoda drainage and its tributaries; i.e. “Hydropower za statistiku u Zagrebu. Korištenje i zaštita voda Plant Vrhpolje with Hydropower Plant Čaplje, poriječja obrađeni su u autorovu kontaktu s javnim Feasibility Study, Energoinvest, Sarajevo, 1999”. komunalnim poduzećima u poriječju i s Programom razvoja riječnog slijeva Une (Bihać i Prijedor). Data on the population living in the drainage area are taken from Sarajevo Statistical Bureau and Croatian Central Bureau of Statistics. The author analyzed water usage and protection based on the information gathered from public communal institutions in drainage area and the Programme for the Development of Una River Drainage Area (Bihać and Prijedor). 25 E. Temimović Geoadria 12/1 (2007) 23-45 Metode istraživanja Research methods U ovom radu korištene su različite istraživačke Depending on the research topic, the author metode, ovisno o karakteru neposrednog used various research methods, such as: statistical, predmeta problematiziranja: statistička metoda, cartographic, analysis and synthesis, compilation, kartografska metoda, metoda analize i sinteze, and interview (that partially compensated the metoda kompilacije, metoda intervjua (kojom je lack of written works on the investigated area). dijelom kompenziran nedostatak pisanih radova Of course, field work, as an inevitable method o prostoru istraživanja). Naravno da nije bio in geographical researches, was not neglected. zanemaren rad na terenu kao neizostavna metoda Extent of the investigated area and the lack of geografskih istraživanja. Veličina istraživanog adequate equipment, made the field work more prostora i nedostatak adekvatne opreme, otežali su difficult, and the results, of the field researches are rad na terenu i umanjili kvalitetu rezultata terenskih not as comprehensive and quality as they should istraživanja, pogotovo zbog nepristupačnijih južnih be, particularly due to inaccessible southern and i jugozapadnih dijelova poriječja. southwestern parts of drainage area. Naseljenost poriječja Drainage area population Naseljenost i naselja nekog kraja u odgovarajućoj To a certain extent, population and settlements mjeri ovise između ostalog i o ulozi vode u pejsažu, of a specific region depend on the distribution of prirodnim izvorima vode za eksploataciju, kao water in the landscape, exploitation of natural water i mogućnostima mijenjanja pejsaža djelovanjem resources, as well as on possibilities of landscape ljudi. Pojam historijsko-geografskog

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