University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 3-1984 Metric Variation on the Arikara Pelvis Cheryl Lee Puskarich University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Puskarich, Cheryl Lee, "Metric Variation on the Arikara Pelvis. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 1984. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/4044 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Cheryl Lee Puskarich entitled "Metric Variation on the Arikara Pelvis." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. William M. Bass, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Richard Jantz, Walter E. Klippel, Eugene B. Linton Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Cheryl11 Lee Puskarich entitled "Metric Vari a tion in the Arikara Pelvis. I have examined the final copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the require­ ments for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. dissertation acceptance: Accepted for the Council: Vice Chancellor Graduate Studies and Research j METRIC VARIATION IN THE ARIKARA PELVIS A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Cheryl Lee Puskarich March 1984 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the support and encouragement of many individuals throughout the 28 years of my life, fulfillment of this dream could not have been possible. To each and everyone of you I offer my deepest gratitude. Several individuals deserve an expression of special thanks. Initially I would like to extend special thanks to my committee members. Dr. William M. Bass, my committee chairman, provided valuable financial support and guidance during my study at Tennessee as well as during the research and writing of this project. In addition, without Dr. Bass' devotion to physical anthropology in general, and more specifically to Plains skeletal biology, this project as well as many others in the past and future, could not have been possible. Dr. Eugene B. Linton, Chairman of Obstetrics and Gynecology at The University of Tennessee Hospital, not only provided information critical to the interpretation of the results obtained, but also priceless support and encouragement. To Dr. Walter E. Klippel I extend an especially special expression of thanks for his enthusiasm, emotional and financial support, encouragement, guidance, friendship, and understanding. One committee member, Dr. Richard L. Jantz, deserves more thanks than I can express in words. Without your undying patience, encouragement, support, faith, guidance, enthusiasm, knowledge, and assistance, the conception and completion of this project could not ii iii have been possible. Not only did you provide an outstanding example of professionalism, but you also taught me the true meaning of the word educator. To you, Dr. Jantz, I owe a lifetime of respect and gratitude. Special thanks are also extended to Dr. Douglas Owsley, who, along with Dr. Jantz, provided me with the opportunity to become involved in the Arikara skeletal biology research project. Further­ more, without the project's financial support, completion of this manuscript as well as the continuation of my graduate study at The University of Tennessee would have been extremely difficult indeed. Many of the specimens employed in this analysis were originally excavated by Dr. William M. Bass under NSF grants GS-837, GS-2717, and GS-1635. I thank Dr. Bass for allowing me access to these materials. Data collection for this manuscript was supported by NSF Grant BNS 8102650. Thanks are also expressed to Dr. Douglas Ubelaker of The Smithsonian Institution for granting access to the museum' s Arikara collections. I also thank Dr. P. Willey, curator of the U.T. Anthropology Department skeletal collection, for his excellent curatorship which made the data collection phase of this dissertation much more ex­ pedient than it might have been. Special thanks are also extended to Dr. Patrick Key. Accomplishing the goals of this project was facilitated by Pat's work on Plains crania as well as his computer programming knowledge. iv I would also like to express deep thanks to my Arikara project colleagues, Dr. Terry S. Zobeck, Henry Case, Steve Symes, and Dr. Bruce Bradtmiller. Each of you, in your own very special ways, not only provided information, assistance, and emotional support, but also made working on this project a truly enjoyable and enlightening experience. Very special thanks are extended to Henry Case and Dr. Terry Zobeck. Henry not only gave me priceless friendship, advice, and emotional support, but also made us all aware of the important potential value of doughnut rings during moments of relaxation. An expression of deep gratitude must also be extended to Dr. Terry Zobeck for his valuable friendship, advice, and assistance. Terry's assistance was critical to the completion of this project. Terry and Henry's truly unique sense of "humor" and T.S.Z. 's love of good music made for an unforgettable summer. Thanks to Steve, Henry, and Terry I was given the opportunity to experience the "finer" cultural realms of Washington, D.C. Thanks guys! Several close friends deserve heartfelt thanks for their assistance in making my years as a graduate student the insane experience it was: Debbie McGrath, Gary Coleman, Ann Reid, Dr. Diane Kennedy, Dr. Robert Jack Smith, Argi Font, John and Jean Mezaros, Deborah Turner, William B. Turner, Gary Crites, Terry Ferguson, and Terri Faulkner. Your friendship is priceless. I would also like to thank the following University of Tennessee faculty members for their support and encouragement: Dr. Charles Faulkner, Dr. Paul Parmalee, Dr. Mike Logan, Dr. Alfred V Guthe, and Dr. John Philpot. Thank you is also expressed to Dr. Fred Smith for serving on my Ph.D. examination committee. In addition, special thanks are extended to Ms. Patricia Rice (West Virginia University) and Dr. Robert I Sundick (Western Michigan University), my undergraduate and Master' s advisors, respectively. Words cannot express the deep gratitude I feel toward my family. To my parents, Leona and Mike Puskarich, and brother, Mike, I extend my deepest love and appreciation. Without your continual expression of love, encouragement, and support I could not have conceivably achieved this accomplishment. To you, Mom and Dad, I dedicate this manuscript. I love you both oh so very much. These acknowledgements would not be complete without expressing my love and gratitude to Herb Roberts, Gabriel Roberts, and Hannah Roberts. I cannot express how important the love, understanding, and help you provided were to the maintenance of my mental well-being and the completion of this dissertation. I love you all dearly. Last, but definitely not least, I would like to thank Ann Lacava, Margaret Garrett, Gayle Slutzski, and Terri Faulkner for their typing or graphic assistance. ABSTRACT Metric variation in the innominates, sacra and articulated pelves of the South Dakota Plains Indian group, the Arikara, are analyzed in an attempt to delineate biological relationships. The specimens examined represent 10 archaeological sites ranging in d�te from. .A. O. 1600 to 1832. The following sample sizes for innominate, sacrum and articulated pelvis data sets are employed: 292, 305, and 151, respectively. The data are analyzed utilizing univariate as well as multivariate statistical procedures. The results indicate that consistent within-group patterning exists. Common elements of pelvic structure can therefore be iden­ tified. Group analysis results indicate that temporal patterning can be identified on the innominate and articulated pelvis. In general, these results are consistent with those of several Arikara craniometric studies. Several explanations, namely obstetrical significance, demogra­ phic age structure differences, and gene flow, for the observed patterning are explored. Neither alone, however, appears to completely explain the patterning noted. An analysis of the patterns of sexual dimorphism expressed in the Arikara groups examined indicates that nutritional factors alone are not responsible for the noted patterning. The results tend to more strongly support a greater genetic component to ranging patterns of Arikara sexual dimorphism and are also consistent with the resent results obtained for the Arikara postcranial skeleton. vi vii Future studies employing data from other Plains Indians groups are designed to delineate the environmental and genetic components of variation of the boney pelvis as necessary in order to disprove or substantiate the present results. Data collection for this work was