U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey MINERAL COMMODITY SUMMARIES 2011 Abrasives Fluorspar Mercury Silver Aluminum Gallium Mica Soda Ash Antimony Garnet Molybdenum Sodium Sulfate Arsenic Gemstones Nickel Stone Asbestos Germanium Niobium Strontium Barite Gold Nitrogen Sulfur Bauxite Graphite Peat Talc Beryllium Gypsum Perlite Tantalum Bismuth Hafnium Phosphate Rock Tellurium Boron Helium Platinum Thallium Bromine Indium Potash Thorium Cadmium Iodine Pumice Tin Cement Iron and Steel Quartz Crystal Titanium Cesium Iron Ore Rare Earths Tungsten Chromium Iron Oxide Pigments Rhenium Vanadium Clays Kyanite Rubidium Vermiculite Cobalt Lead Salt Wollastonite Copper Lime Sand and Gravel Yttrium Diamond Lithium Scandium Zeolites Diatomite Magnesium Selenium Zinc Feldspar Manganese Silicon Zirconium U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2011 Manuscript approved for publication January 21, 2011. For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment— visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Mail: Stop IDCC; Washington, DC 20402–0001 Phone: (866) 512–1800 (toll-free); (202) 512–1800 (DC area) Fax: (202) 512–2104 Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Suggested citation: U.S. Geological Survey, 2011, Mineral commodity summaries 2011: U.S. Geological Survey, 198 p. ISBN 978–1–4113–3083–2 1 CONTENTS Page Page General: Introduction .................................................................... 3 Significant Events, Trends, and Issues .......................... 7 Growth Rates of Leading and Coincident Indexes for Appendix A—Abbreviations and Units of Measure .... 192 Mineral Products ......................................................... 4 Appendix B—Definitions of Selected Terms Used in The Role of Nonfuel Minerals in the U.S. Economy ...... 5 This Report .............................................................. 192 2010 U.S. Net Import Reliance for Selected Nonfuel Appendix C—Reserves and Resources ..................... 193 Mineral Materials ........................................................ 6 Appendix D—Country Specialists Directory ............... 197 Mineral Commodities: Abrasives (Manufactured) ............................................ 14 Mica (Natural), Scrap and Flake [See Mica (Natural)] Aluminum ..................................................................... 16 Mica (Natural), Sheet [See Mica (Natural)] Antimony ...................................................................... 18 Molybdenum ............................................................... 106 Arsenic ......................................................................... 20 Nickel .......................................................................... 108 Asbestos ...................................................................... 22 Niobium (Columbium) ................................................. 110 Barite ............................................................................ 24 Nitrogen (Fixed), Ammonia ........................................ 112 Bauxite and Alumina .................................................... 26 Peat ............................................................................ 114 Beryllium ...................................................................... 28 Perlite ......................................................................... 116 Bismuth ........................................................................ 30 Phosphate Rock ......................................................... 118 Boron ............................................................................ 32 Platinum-Group Metals ............................................... 120 Bromine ........................................................................ 34 Potash ........................................................................ 122 Cadmium ...................................................................... 36 Pumice and Pumicite .................................................. 124 Cement......................................................................... 38 Quartz Crystal (Industrial) .......................................... 126 Cesium ......................................................................... 40 Rare Earths ................................................................ 128 Chromium..................................................................... 42 Rhenium ..................................................................... 130 Clays ............................................................................ 44 Rubidium .................................................................... 132 Cobalt ........................................................................... 46 Salt ............................................................................. 134 Copper ......................................................................... 48 Sand and Gravel (Construction) ................................. 136 Diamond (Industrial) ..................................................... 50 Sand and Gravel (Industrial) ...................................... 138 Diatomite ...................................................................... 52 Scandium .................................................................... 140 Feldspar ....................................................................... 54 Selenium ..................................................................... 142 Fluorspar ...................................................................... 56 Silicon ......................................................................... 144 Gallium ......................................................................... 58 Silver ........................................................................... 146 Garnet (Industrial) ........................................................ 60 Soda Ash .................................................................... 148 Gemstones ................................................................... 62 Sodium Sulfate ........................................................... 150 Germanium .................................................................. 64 Stone (Crushed) ......................................................... 152 Gold .............................................................................. 66 Stone (Dimension) ...................................................... 154 Graphite (Natural) ........................................................ 68 Strontium .................................................................... 156 Gypsum ........................................................................ 70 Sulfur .......................................................................... 158 Helium .......................................................................... 72 Talc and Pyrophyllite .................................................. 160 Indium .......................................................................... 74 Tantalum ..................................................................... 162 Iodine ........................................................................... 76 Tellurium ..................................................................... 164 Iron and Steel ............................................................... 78 Thallium ...................................................................... 166 Iron and Steel Scrap .................................................... 80 Thorium ...................................................................... 168 Iron and Steel Slag ...................................................... 82 Tin ............................................................................... 170 Iron Ore ........................................................................ 84 Titanium and Titanium Dioxide ................................... 172 Iron Oxide Pigments .................................................... 86 Titanium Mineral Concentrates .................................. 174 Kyanite and Related Materials ..................................... 88 Tungsten ..................................................................... 176 Lead ............................................................................. 90 Vanadium ................................................................... 178 Lime ............................................................................. 92 Vermiculite .................................................................. 180 Lithium.......................................................................... 94 Wollastonite ................................................................ 182 Magnesium Compounds .............................................. 96 Yttrium ........................................................................ 184