CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PRINTED DICTIONARY IN FRANCE BEFORE 1539 Jean Fiorence Shaw A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of French University of Toronto O Copyright by Jean floience Shaw 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale l*l of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Sewices services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON K1A ON4 OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfichelfilm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni Ia thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Contributions to a Study of the Printed Dictionary in France before 1539 Doctor of Philosophy, 1997 Jean Florence Shaw Graduate Department of French, University of Toronto ABSTRACT A Carthusian monk at a priory near Abbeville, France, laid down his pen on April 30, 1440, ending twenty years* work writing a Latin-French dictionary which is remarkable for its size, organization and cornprehensiveness. Compiled by a cleric and based on a long tradition of medieval grammars and lexica, the Dictionarius of Firmin Le Ver would be the last of a Iine of manuscript bilingual dictionaries written in France. In 1539, a Parisian editor and printer produced a bilingual dictionary which is equally remarkable - for its organization, and for the fact that it is the first printed dictionary in which French is the language of entry. Based on a humanist tradition which sought to return the Latin Ianguage to its classical roots, the Dictionaire Francoislatin of Robert Estienne is intended to assist students in their apprenticeship in Latin. Nonetheless, the French definitions illustrate the adequacy of the vernacular to express the nuances of Latin meaning, and at the same time they provide a synchronic record of early sixteenthcentury French. The Dictionaire Francoislatin is, understandably, regarded as the corner-stone of modern French lexicography. The century which separates Le Ver's Dictionarius from Estienne's Dictionaire Francoislatin is a brief period in the long history of Western lexicography, but it is the bridge between two different cultures: medieval and humanist. Our study follows the transition from the manuscript to the printed tradition through examination of four families of bilingual Latin- French dictionaries printed in France during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. We look at their sources, both bilingual Latin-French and monolingual Latin dictionaries, and at their lexicographical methodology. We also identify intemal relationships among successive editions of each dictionary, as well as external relationships among the four families. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to express our deep appreciation to B.S. Merrilees and T.R. Wooldridge, Professors of French at the University of Toronto, and to H.G. Schogt, Emeritus Professor of French at the University of Toronto, for their careful direction and enthusiastic encouragement during the preparation of this thesis. Sine qua non. We owe a special debt of gratitude to our colleague, Mr. William Edwards, for his unstinting generosity in sharing the results of his own research. Our sincere thanks are due to the librarians and staff at the iibraries of the University of Toronto for their help and advice. We are also grateful for the interest and assistance offered during our visits by the directors and staff of the Bibliothèque nationale de France - Réserve des imprimés and Département des manuscrits, Paris, the Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, the Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris, the Institut d'Histoire et Recherche des Textes, Paris, the Musée des Beaux Arts de Caen, the Bibliothèque municipale de la Ville de Rouen, the Bibliothèque municipale de la Ville de Troyes, the British Library, London, and the Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. Our research was also greatly aided through our correspondence with the Bibliothèque municipale de la Ville de Beaune, the Bibliothèque de l'université catholique de Lyon, the Bibliothèque municipale de la Ville de Metz, the Frères mineurs Capucins, Toulouse, the Bibliothèque de l'université de Tours - Section Droit-Lettres, the Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de la Ville de Genève, the Zentralbibliothek, Solothurn, the Sachsische Landesbi- bliothek, Dresden, the Friedrich-Schiller Universitat, Jena, the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich, the Biblioteca Centrale della Regione Siciliana, Palermo, the Society of Antiquaries of London, the University Library, University of Cambridge, the Newberry Library, Chicago, and the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada which provided the funding for us to undertake and complete this project. We also thank the School of Graduate Studies and the Department of French Language and Literature of the University of Toronto, for encouragement and financial assistance. This thesis is drdicated to the memory of Bruce Shaw. J.S. Toronto January 1997 iii CONTENTS Introduction PRE-PRINT GLOSSARlES AND DlCTlONARlES Greek and Latin Lexica Greek Lexica - Fifth Century B.C. to Eleventh Century A.D. Latin Lexica - Second Century B.C. to Tenth Century A.D. Latin Lexica - Eleventh to Fourteenth Centuries EiementanUm doctrinae erudimentum of Pa pias Liber derivationum of Os bern of Gloucester Magnae denvationes of Hugutio of Pisa Expositiones vocabulorum biblie of William Brito Catholicon of John Balbi of Genoa Comprehensorium of John the Grammarian Latin-vernacular Lexica Early Bilingual Lexica Latin Texts with French Glosses Local-order Latin-French Glossaries Thematic Latin-French Glossaries Al phabetical Latin-French Lexica Abavus series Brito 2: ms. Montpellier, Faculté de Médecine H236 Aalma series Catholicon latin-français: mss. Montpellier, Faculté de Médecine Hl10 and Stockholm, KB N78 Glossarium gallico-latinum: ms. Paris, BN lat. 7684 Dictionarius of Firmin Le Ver Catholicon breton (Catholicon en trois langues) Typological Summary Consultability Classes represented in the macrostructure Grammatical words Affixes Cornpounds Derivatives Unmarked words Proper nouns lnfiected fonns Marked words: specialization of use Temporal markers Spatio-linguistic rnarkers Sociuprofessional markers Stylistic markers Quantitative markers Presentation of entries Arrangement of lemmata Local arrangement Thematic arrangement Simple alphabetical arrangement Alphabeticalderivational arrangement Visual aids Page layout and text division Reference systems Marginal notations Underlining Structure of the article Language Citations and examples Metalanguage Grammatical information Phonetic and orthographic information Interna1 references Polysemy Techniques of definition Location of information Rôle and Status of French Use of French in definitions Use of French in metalanguage Conclusion B. EARLY PRINTED LATIN-FRENCH AND FRENCH-LATIN DlCTlONARlES 4.0. Cathollcon abbrevlatum Sources of the Catholicon abbreviatum Vocabularius brevidicus: ms. Metz, BM no 510 (A8) Vocabularius familiaris et compendiosus Filiation of the Editions Antoine Caillaut, Paris Caillaut c.1482 (Cl) Caillaut c.1482-1484 (C2) Caillaut c.1482-1484 (C3) Antoine Vérard, Paris Vérard 1485/86 (V) Loys Garbin, Geneva Garbin c.1485 (G1) Garbin 1487 (G2) Matthias Huss, Lyons Huss 1489/90 (HU) Unknown, [printer of Guido, Casus Longi), Lyons Unknown c.1490 (UL1) Engelhard Schultis, Lyons Schultis c.1495 (S) Martin Havard, Lyons Havard 1499/1500 (HA) Jean de Vingle, Lyons de Vingle c.1500 (DV) Unknown, Lyons Unknown c.1508 (UL2) Missing Editions of Series 1 Catholicon Pawum, c.1487 Unknown, printer of Ars mernoria, Lyons, c.1500 Martin Morin, Rouen Martin Morin pour Pierre Regnault 1492 (MM) Unknown [type used by Jean Bonhomme], Paris Unknown c.1492-1496 (UP) Jean Morand, Paris Morand 1497/98 (Ml) Morand c.1500 (M2) Michel Le Noir, Paris Le Noir 1497 (LN) Jean Tréperel, Paris Tréperel 1499 (Tl) Tréperet c.1500 (T2) Nicholas de la Barre, Paris de la Barre, 1510 (B) Jean Hérouf, Paris Hérouf c.1520-1528 (HE) Jean Le Bourgeois, Rouen Le Bourgeois 1497/98 (LB) Laurent Hostingue, Rouen/Caen Hostingue c.1511-1513 (HO) Raulin Gaultier, Rouen Gaultier 1519 (GA) lncomplete and Missing Editions of Series 2 Pour Pierre Regnault, Rouen, c.1500 Jehan Lambert, Paris, 1506 Contribution of the Editions Cai t iaut Vétard Garbin Huss Unknown [printer of Casus longi], Lyons Schultis Havard Morin Unknown, Paris Morand Le Noir de la Barre Le Bourgeois H ostingue Gaultier Conclusion Surnrnary Sources of the Vocabularius familiaris et compendiosus Dictionarius of Firmin Le Ver and Vocabularius familiaris et compendiosus Vocabularius bre viloquus Conclusion Vocabularlus Nebrissensis/ Eplthoma vocabulorum Sources of the Vocabulan'us