d ~ibliothbquenationale CANADIAN THESES TH~SESCANADIENNES du Canada OM MICROFICHE SUR MICROFICHE NAME OF AUTHOR/NOM DE L'AUTEUR~O-l < - TITLE OF THESIS/TITRE DE LA TH~SE nf a UN IVERSITY/UNIVERSIT~ Simon Fr~.Jdvr=rs_i~.-~.-. 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Canadian Theses Divisidn Division des thsses canadiennes Cataloguing Branch Direction du catalogage NationaT Library of Canada- 'Bi bliotheque nationale du Canada c, Ottawa, Canada KIA ON4 -, Ottawa, Canada KIA ON4 ' m THE EVOLUTIOI OF- A BRITISH COLUlBIAN FOREST LAIDSCAPE, AS OBSERVED IN THE SO4 PUBLIC*SUSTAINED~XELDUNIT ERIC -CARL YOUNG -, A. B, Hons., University of California, Berkeley, 1972 I . A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL PULPILLYEHT , OF TEE REQUIBEBEBTS FOB THE DEGREE OF HASTER OP ARTS in the Department a Geography a , EBIC CARL IOU116 1976 A11 rights reser-sed: This thesis,may not be reproduced in rhcle ar in part, by photography or other means, .without peraission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Eric Carl Young Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis : The Evolution of a British Columbian Forest Landscape, As Observed in the Soo Public Sustain~dYield Unit. ~xaminingCoami ttee: Chair man: 8,0, Slayraker External Examiner Professor University of British Columbia Date Approved: A@ /476 ii PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICEXSE e, I hereby grant to Simon Fraser- ~nivereit~the right to lend J my thesis or dissertation (the title of-which is shown below) to usere - of the Simon Fraser University Library, and 'to make partial or single copies only for-such users or im response to a request from the library %. of any other univer'sity, orzother educational institution, on its 'own behalf or for one of its users. 1 farther agree that permission for multiple copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes niay be granted by me or the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my writeen Title *of Thee is /~issertation : . 'The Evolution of a British Colmblan Forest Landscape. As Observed in the Soo Public Sustained Yield Unit." ERIC C. YOUNG (date) + ABSTRACT % The study examines the evolution of forest policies, institutions and practices ii British Columbia with particular reference to the Soo Public Sustained Yield Unit. The field area was chosen because of a well-documented history of logging and because resource conf li'cts are intensif ing as recreational pressure from metropolitan -vancouver increases, be analysis focuses upon: 1) the policy and institutional framework of forest land management, as determined from published documents" and interviews; 2) the record of successive l~gging~ractices in the Soo, e-g. road construction, ~"utting, burning and replanting; and 3) the .body of literature on logging technology, forest practices and their impacts upon the environment, A specific resource use conflict (road construction in the upper Lillooet valley) is used to illustrate changing policy and planning practices.b The -'-. -- physical capabilities and constraints of the study area are assessed. These include slope, climate, forest type, wildlife and recreational values, The study concludes that there .have been several key legislative and policy decidons that have shaped the evolution - of the Soo forest landscape, ~h&early decision to retain -- Crown ownership of natural resources uas critical because it iii anabled the Crown to ~eriodically modify its resource legislation as technologic conditions changed, Contrary ,&to I. this trend, the issuance of 300 Timber Licenses 'betueen 1905 r and 1907 forfeited Crown ccctrol over the majority of the SooSs 4' prime old growth - stands, Industry has depended upon these stands for more than half of its timber ,zdpply since t'he 19308s, and it is upon them that the greatest environmental disruption in, the Soo has occurred, The founding of the Forest ~ervl<e in 1913 uas the first attempt to recoup some of the lost ccntrol and gpve the Crovn an admJnistrative arm through uhich it could monitor the forests, A major watershed va~sthe Crovn Commission of 1944, ubich led to the establishment of the Tree Farm Licenses and Public Sustained Yield Units. The formation of the SO; Unit regained some control over the forest by more closely involving industry in the management of the resource, Recent major advances have been the ,Polio system and the planning Guidelines f cr Coastal Logging Operatioqs, uhich have again broadened the sccpe of decision making to include other governmental and private sources. - ACKBOULEDGEMENTS -t There are many people to uhom 1 an indebted and vish to ext2nP ny thanks. certain among bka ckserve specific' ' mention. f vish to thank the company that logged certain of the-eastern portions of flaming Park and thus incited the 'anger which provided the irpetus for this thesis, 1- wish to express ay appreciation to Dr. !la L. Barker, cry senior supervisor, whose enthusiasm and assi tance -helped q? 2 %. overcome all aountains and molehills encountered ducing countless revssions, I an particularly indebted to llr. 7 D, Kinnear of the 1 .4 Forest service and r - T, Richardson of the Fish and Wildlife ranch for tirelessly providing me with vital tion, inforaa L 7 I also vish to thank Hs, 8. A. Peatherstone, whose moral support and proofreading helped me wade through the - rough drafts, , Lastly, I extend mp thanks to Wylbur, the trusty ' computer, for typing the manusc~ipt. J. TABLZ ." , i' - j/ .- k.i .\ &,. - '-8 *; ABSTRACT ..:,, .,..,,, ,,~,,-,,,.,.-,,,,,,,,,,,,- iii LIST OF LIST OF LIST OF Chapter FORESTRY IISTITDTIO ES ABD P,OLICIES IN. BRITISH COLUMBIA a,,, ,o--o-,, o-*,,,-o oo-ooo FOREST PRACTICES AHE THEIR EFFECTS ,,-,--,*-- Table of Contents (continued) page The Early Periods, 1786-1 907 ,, ,,,,, ;a,,,, 301 The' Developmental Period, 1908-193-8-4,,, ,, 104 The War Years, 1939-1945 ,,,.,,.L,,,,,.,., 111 The Hodern Period, 1946-1964 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, 116 Government Projects ., ,,,, ,,,,,,,, ,,,,,, 132 The Contemporary Period, 1-965-1974 ,,,,,., 136 - --- The Case of the Lillooet Forest Development Road ,,,.,,,,, ,,,,,,., ,,..... 155 6 DECISIONS OF TEE PAST AND TRENDS FOR TEE UTE-- 164 vii LIST OF TABLES Table -r' Page Key Forestry Legislation 1857-1975 ,, ,,;,,,, ,, 15 /-- Climatic Normals for Meteorologic Stations in the Soo ,,,, ,,,.,.,,, ,,,,,,,.,.-~,*,.,.,, 81 7 Volume of Species pq Crown controlled Land5 ,. 86 Net Annual add ~eanAnnual Increment ,- on Crown Controlled Immature Timber Lands ,, 88 / Forest Clearance Statistics for the Soo Region 113 OqnershAp of Standing Tinber Licenses in the Soo (1974) ....,,,,.,, ,,,,. ,-,,,-..., 150 viii >. LIST OF HAPS - Maps r Page I , The 500 Region Within British Columbia - f: f: and the Vanccuver Forest District ,. ,. ,, , . 9 f', I1 The Soo Begi A ...,.,......,,,,,.,.,..,.,.,.,., 83 /' -+ - 9 --.111 The Soo Public Sustained ~YeldUnit_ * ..,-,, 187 IV Fish, wildlife and Alititude Constraints * , 188 -. V Record of Clearings 1920-1974 * ,,. ,, ,. ,., .. 189 VI Reforestation ~ctivities1960-1974 * .,.,... 190-. , - 1 * These maps are fcld~dinside the back cover. LIST .d fllustrations Page 1 Regrowth of a Burn 'Along Highway 99 (1970) 130 '. + Same Site (1976) *.... h..k....-.--....... 130' . -. f Regrowth on miller Creek ('1973) ..140 c + Aerial Photo -cf fit, Currie Area (1972) . 141 -2' Aerial Photo cf Pemberton Headous Area (1972) . ..........* 144 /' ._ .View of ~leari'rgsNorth of Alta Lake ,(1973) 147 CHAPTER 1 Unlimited natural uealth, boundless plenty, inexha'ustible natural resources were the claims first used by early promoters f- pi British Columbia, as they had been for rost areas of North America. The Pacific ~ortj;restwas portrayed as a magnificent 4 storehouse of riches to all of Europe and eastern North America, With such promises in mind people came to the ' Horthvest to find- their fortune in the use of its land and resoorces. In time their views uduld change, valuing some resources above others, Oclike funds in a bank, the resources of a landscape fluctuate in worth through time depending upon accessitility, markets and perceived desirability. An understanding of those conditions and the -- changes bhey produce, though often overlooked in the past, is ' of prime interest to anyone concerned with current resource 7 policies and practices.