Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature I Handbook of Oriental Studies Handbuch der Orientalistik SECTION FOUR China Edited by Stephen F. Teiser Martin Kern Timothy Brook VOLUME 25/1 Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature A Reference Guide Part One Edited by David R. Knechtges and Taiping Chang LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient and early medieval Chinese literature : a reference guide / edited by David R. Knechtges and Taiping Chang. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section four, China, ISSN 0169-9520 ; v. 25 = Handbuch der orientalistik) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-90-04-19127-3 (v. 1 : hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Authors, Chinese—Biography— Dictionaries. 2. Authors, Chinese—Biography—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Chinese literature—To 221 B.C.—Bio-bibliography—Dictionaries. 4. Chinese literature—Qin and Han dynasties, 221 B.C.–220 A.D.—Bio-bibliography—Dictionaries. 5. Chinese literature— 220–589—Bio-bibliography—Dictionaries. 6. Chinese literature—To 221 B.C.—History and criticism—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 7. Chinese literature—Qin and Han dynasties, 221 B.C.–220 A.D.—History and criticism—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 8. Chinese literature— 220–589—History and criticism—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Knechtges, David R. II. Chang, Taiping. PL2265.A63 2010 895.1’090003—dc22 [B] 2010029368 ISSN 0169-9520 ISBN 978-90-04-19127-3 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. 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CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................. vii Entries ........................................................................................................... 1 List of Contributors .................................................................................... 779 Bibliography ................................................................................................. 781 INTRODUCTION This book is intended as a guide to the study of ancient and early medieval Chinese literature. The period covered includes pre-Qin through the Sui dynasty. This work is the product of over forty years of my study of classi- cal Chinese literature. During my career I have accumulated a large num- ber of notes and bibliographies on various Chinese literary figures, genres, works, and the like. Much of this work has been provided to students of a history of Chinese literature that I have taught at the University of Wash- ington since 1972. I also have given copies of these materials to colleagues and friends some of whom have urged me to publish them. This book is also the byproduct of another project in which I was involved for some years. In 1994, Dr. James Peck approached me about the possibility of compiling a handbook for classical Chinese literature. The entries were to be written by Chinese literature specialists in China. Tai ping Chang and I were entrusted with overseeing the translation of these entries into English. The English version of the handbook was to be published by Yale University Press as part of their Culture and Civiliza- tion series. Through the largess of a generous grant from the Henry Luce Foundation, we made good progress on this project. However, in 2004, the focus of the Culture and Civilization project changed to focus on the arts, and it was no longer possible to include the handbook in this series. Shortly thereafter, Taiping Chang proposed to compile a reference guide based on my materials. She prepared a list of proposed entries, and we began to compose individual entries. We discovered in the process that there were gaps in our coverage. Taiping Chang and I along with several of our graduate students wrote the missing entries. We envision this book as an aide to scholars and students who wish to obtain information about ancient and medieval Chinese literature. We also hope that Chinese scholars and students will also find this work useful, for there is an increased need in this age of internationalization of scholarship for Chinese scholars to know what has been written about classical Chinese literature outside of China. This reference guide contains some 800 entries that provide important information about literary figures, genres, literary trends, dating, literary schools, and where pertinent, technical terms. The entries are based on a variety of sources. We have relied to a limited extent on the unpub- lished entries prepared for the original Companion volume, but the bulk of the entries have been written through consultation of primary Chinese viii introduction sources and where available, authoritative modern scholarly studies in Chi- nese, Japanese, and Western languages. There are two entries that we have preserved from the unpublished Chinese project: the entry on the Han fu by the late Cao Daoheng 曹道衡 (1928–2005), the premier world author- ity of his generation on Han through Sui dynasty literature, and the entry on Tao Yuanming by Yuan Xingpei 袁行霈 of Peking University, who has written extensively on this important writer. We thought the inclusion of these two entries was important as a means of introducing the best of modern Chinese scholarship to a Western readership. We have attempted to emulate the format of the Brill biographical dic- tionaries compiled by Michael Loewe and Rafe de Crespigny. Many of the entries contain biographies of literary figures, some of whom are also treated in the Loewe and de Crespigny volumes. However, since our emphasis is on literature, we provide new information about literature that is often not included in the Loewe and de Crespigny works. Format The work is arranged in alaphetical order based on the Romanized form of a name, work title, literary genre, or literary period name. Examples: Guo Pu, Lunyu, qiyan poetry, Jian’an literature. For literary figures, we provide the following information in the heading: Surname and personal name, dates (if known), and zi (style or courtesy name). Within the entry itself, we give in the first sentence information about the person’s natal and/or ancestral place. We have attempted as much as possible to provide information about family background and the persons connection with other literary figures from that same family. We hope that this information will be useful to students of literary sociology. Although the entries provide detailed information about a person’s career, because the emphasis of this work is on literature, we have tended to focus more on events that pertain to literary matters. Nevertheless, many of the biographies, especially those from the period from the Wei to the Sui dynasties, can stand on their own as a supplement to the Loewe and deCrespigny dictionaries. We provide dates for all persons upon the first occurrence in each entry. We have heavily relied on the careful dating done by Cao Daoheng and introduction ix Shen Yucheng in Zhongguo wenxuejia dacidian and their Zhonggu wenxue shiliao congkao. For official titles, we have mostly used the equivalents given in Charles Hucker’s A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. However, one of our innovations is “professor” for boshi 博士. We have also devised the rendering “Eastern Institute” for Dongguan 東觀. We have tried to be meticulous about identifying all place names upon first occurrence in an entry. We repeat this information for each occurrence in subsequent entries. Our primary sources for geographical information are the standard history dictionaries published by the Shandong jiaoyu chubanshe. Because this is a guide to literature, for some figures and works that are important for other than literary reasons (e.g., politics, thought, or religion), we have not provided full discussion or bibliography, but have tended to focus on literary matters. Thus, although we include entries for such works as Lun yu, Laozi, Han Feizi, or Shen Dao, we have not devoted as much detail to them as we have in most of the more “literary” entries. In the bibliographies we do not pretend to be exhaustive. They are basically what I have accumulated over a forty-year period. There are undoubtedly many omissions. Acknowledgments There are many persons who have contributed in various ways to the prep- aration of this reference guide. Our first tribute is to James Peck, who initi- ated the Culture and Civilization project of which the earlier version of the reference guide was to be a part. Without Jim’s vision, the reference guide would never have come to fruition. We also express gratitude to the Henry Luce Foundation for its gener- ous support of the project for many years. We especially wish to single out Helena Kolenda, Program Director for Asia, for her strong interest in the project from the outset. We also extend our profound thanks to the Insti- tute of East Asian Studies, Berkeley, and especially Linda Hsu, for oversee-