FINAL EXAM Crustal Deformation • NOON TO 2 PM, TUESDAY DEC. 5 • HERE: Natural Science 101 Reading: Chapter 10 • BRING A SCAN TRON Pages 283-304 • TURN IN YOUR REVIEW QUESTIONS BEFORE THE TEST, PICK UP WHEN Review Questions 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, YOU ARE DONE WITH THE TEST 15, 18, 20 • IF YOU WANT YOUR RESULTS, E-MAIL ME AND REQUEST YOUR GRADE Plate Tectonic Settings and Magma Plate Tectonic Settings and Magma • The type of magma generated in different • Where plates CONVERGE, water is driven plate tectonic settings is different off the subducting plate, and added to the • DIVERGENT PLATES and overlying lithosphere MANTLE PLUMES produce magma by • This water acts as a FLUX to reduce the partial melting of mantle material due to melting temperature, and cause hot solid pressure release rock to melt without a change in temperature • This magma is BASALTIC (mafic) in chemical composition, and the resulting • The lithosphere here is continental (granitic) volcanism has distinct characteristics. in character, and the magma generated is GRANITIC (felsic) in chemical composition. Ductile and brittle deformation Isoclinal folds http www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g112/lecture3.html :// http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/hefferan/geol320/folds.html 1 folds Mountain of folds http://www-class.unl.edu/geol101i/09_structural.htm Names of fold types syncline http://www.whbschools.org/Teachers/Cohen/sciweb/earthscience/geologichistory/folding.htm Tight v folds Monocline http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/hefferan/geol320/folds.html 2 San Rafael Swell monocline Recumbent anticline http://home.barton.ac.uk/curriculum/sc_env/geology/Structural%20Geology/RecumAnt.htm http://www.eas.purdue.edu/physproc/HTM%20Files/monoclines.htm Plunging fold geometry Plunging fold outcrop pattern Sheep mtn: doubly plunging Plunging anticline anicline http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~rschott/g112/lecture3.html http://www.geosciences.ou.edu/~msoreg/structure/structureintro.html 3 Geologic map of the US Valley and Ridge Province http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2000/of00-443/ http://tapestry.usgs.gov/features/06valleyridge.html Black hills dome Drawing of Black Hills http://tapestry.usgs.gov/features/16blackhills.html http://www.dakotamatrix.com/South_Dakota_Geology.asp Michigan Basin Small normal fault graben http://www.aucegypt.edu/faculty/hamroush/CE331/CE331-%20Rock%20Deformation%20and%20Unconformities.htm http://tapestry.usgs.gov/features/09michigan.html 4 Normal fault formation Normal fault Small normal fault Normal faults http www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g112/lecture3.html http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/hefferan/geol320/normalfaults.html :// Basin and Range Province Basin and range faulting http://tapestry.usgs.gov/features/22basinrange.html 5 Detachment faulting Complex normal faulting http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/hefferan/geol320/normalfaults.html http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/hefferan/geol320/normalfaults.html East Humboldt Range Owens Valley graben Horst http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Slides/EQKSLIDE.HTM http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Slides/EQKSLIDE.HTM scarp Reverse fault formation http://www.geosci.unc.edu/faculty/glazner/Images/Structure/Faults.html 6 Reverse fault Thrust fault formation http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/glossary/o_r/reverse_fault.html small thrust fault Strike-slip fault formation http://earth.leeds.ac.uk/assyntgeology/geology/deformation/gallery/thrust1.htm San Andreas Fault System Tectonics of western North America 7 Strike slip fault Offset stream San Andreas Fault stream offset San Francisco offset http://www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g112/lecture3.html http://quake.wr.usgs.gov/info/1906/images/fenceoffset_big.html San Andreas Fault orchard offset Joint set in flat-lying sandstone http://www.geology.wisc.edu/courses/g112/lecture3.html http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~maher/air/air05.htm 8 Single joint set Joints at Moab http://maps.unomaha.edu/Maher/geo117/part3/structures/structureatlas.html Bryce Canyon, Utah http://www.ce.berkeley.edu/~nsitar/ce281/Sierra%20Nevada%202000/Attitude%20Measurement%20Lake%20Spaulding.jpg http://www.cs.biu.ac.il/~plot/USA/ Exfoliation jointing Exfoliation dome http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~casey/eart150/Lectures/Joints/JointsPics.html http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~millerm/exjoints.html 9 Exfoliation joint formation Columnar joints http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~casey/eart150/Lectures/Joints/joints.htm http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~casey/eart150/Lectures/Joints/joints.htm Columnar tops Mt. Everest http://www.wooster.edu/geology/bjordan/Iceland2003PK.html http://tlacaelel.igeofcu.unam.mx/~GeoD/colision/colision.html Andes Mountains Alps http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/Nazca.html http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/topography/topography.html 10 Aleutians—from space Aleutians--oblique http://home.earthlink.net/~patron9/ with permission of author tom bigley Taken on the STS-56 shuttle mission, in April 1993. Image number: STS056-071-031 http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Image:Aleutians-aerial.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Aleutians-space.jpg Aleutian type mountain building Ring of Fire http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/fire.html Crustal thickening Andes http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~maltmann/photgal_cz.html 11 Andes Southern South America http://www.3dnworld.com/gallery.php?user=RPrato http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/screenshots-bm.html Passive margin http://www.geo.arizona.edu/geo5xx/geo527/Andes/intro.html Convergent margin Crustal thickening 12 Stages of orogenesis Alpine Himalayan orogeny http://tlacaelel.igeofcu.unam.mx/~GeoD/colision/colision.html Subduction of Tethys Seaway Himalaya topography http://www.geo.cornell.edu/grads/duncan/topo/ India-Asia collision Topography of the world http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/understanding.html#anchor4665685 http://piru.alexandria.ucsb.edu/collections/geography3b/dar/WEEK3/week3.html 13 Hokkaido, Japan Ancestral Atlantic closing http://astroa.physics.metu.edu.tr/Astronom/EARTH/PIA02751.HTM Suture of Africa to North America Madagascar http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/gamma/cosm_plan.html http://astroa.physics.metu.edu.tr/Astronom/IEARTH.HTM Western Submerged oceanic plateaus North America • Accreted terranes 14 Extension of Western North Detached sinking oceanic America lithosphere Grand Tetons North American mountain belts isostasy Isostasy principle http://parautochthon.com/100584/155607.html?*session*id*key*=*session*id*val* 15 Crustal subsidence due to Unloading by erosion allows mountain building isostatic rebound http://piru.alexandria.ucsb.edu/collections/geography3b/dar/WEEK3/week3.html http://piru.alexandria.ucsb.edu/collections/geography3b/dar/WEEK3/week3.html Deposited sediments locally loads Extreme uplift due to compression margin http://piru.alexandria.ucsb.edu/collections/geography3b/dar/WEEK3/week3.html Ductile spreading after uplift 16.