North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) London International Model United Nations 21st Session | 2020 1 London International NATO Model United Nations 2020 Table of Contents Introduction Letter 3 TOPIC A: Redefining the Security Alliance 7 Definitions 9 Timeline of Events 11 Discussion 12 Bloc Positions 16 Conclusion 17 Questions a Resolution should answer 17 Further Readings 18 Bibliography 19 TOPIC B: Ukraine Accession 21 Introduction 22 Definitions 23 Timeline of Events 26 Discussion 27 Bloc Positions 31 Conclusion 33 Questions a Resolution should answer 33 Further Readings 34 Bibliography 35 2 London International NATO Model United Nations 2020 Introduction Letter Welcome to the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation's simulation at LIMUN 2020! As your chairs, we are excited to see a diverse range of backgrounds and ideas mix at the committee, which is what we have come to expect of LIMUN - the largest and most prestigious Model UN Conference in Europe. For this year’s discussion, we wanted to bring you close to the Janus-faced struggle within the existing organisation: whether to stick close to their original mandate and expand membership throughout Europe alongside traditional security lines, or expand the mandate of the alliance through new dimensions of safety for its states and citizens. This is sure to be a stimulating weekend for all involved, and we truly hope that you will engage with these topics and use these few days in a manner that makes the best use of such precious time to set aside one’s daily business and grapple with the issues of our day which have left the brightest minds at a loss for a solution. 3 London International NATO Model United Nations 2020 Director - Sharif Kazemi Hello delegates and welcome to NATO at LIMUN 2020! My name is Sharif and I hail from sunny Iran. For the past nine years, I've been calling (not- so-sunny) London my home and I'm in my last year of undergraduate studying International Relations and History at the LSE. LIMUN has always been one of my most beloved conferences and it's a real treat to get to chair once again at such a prestigious committee discussing so many intellectually stimulating topics. Model UN in general, has led me to meet some fascinating people and build lasting relationships, I hope that you will take the same opportunity to meet and mingle with your fellow delegates. For example, my social life was made quite vibrant thanks to the #TeamLSE Model UN team of which I’ve been a proud member. I adore meeting new people and would be delighted to chat at any point throughout the weekend, so feel free to hit me up! Hope you all have a pleasant weekend and see you in LIMUN 2020! 4 London International NATO Model United Nations 2020 Assistant Director - Amy Blaettler Hi everyone, my name is Amy and I’m delighted to be chairing the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation for you at LIMUN 2020, together with Sharif! I am currently doing my master’s in Philosophy at King’s College London, before that I studied Political Science and Philosophy at the University of Zurich in Switzerland. I was born and raised in Switzerland but am also British and Portuguese by blood. I was lucky to discover two of my passions while I was doing my bachelor’s in Zurich: Firstly, I love Philosophy, and you will probably not escape me going on about how fascinated I am of some philosophical paradox while talking to me over a glass of wine at a MUN social. However, while I love Philosophy, please refrain from asking me what I intend to do with my degree, not because I do not have an answer, but because I find it a horribly annoying question. Secondly, I genuinely enjoy meeting new people. And that is what brought me to MUN. By attending MUN conferences all around Europe I have met so many fantastic new people that I now consider some of my closest friends. I think that the fact that you can participate in MUN at almost any university in the world, and even at many high schools, is so important and brings so many people together, all while living in a multipolar world, like the one we live in today. To be a part of such a big family has provided me with so much happiness throughout my studies, and I hope that I will be able to pass on some of it to you at LIMUN 2020. 5 London International NATO Model United Nations 2020 Introduction to the Committee: NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation – or ‘NATO’ for short – is first and foremost a collective security and defence alliance, with (currently) 29 member states from the Euro-Atlantic sphere. It was founded in the aftermath of the Second World War, as tensions between the West and East grew, and in particular fear of the Soviet ideology spreading amongst Europe grew. The founding members Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States signed the Washington Treaty in 1949, which outlines the foundation and framework for the organisation, and thus, creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. At the heart of the organisation lies Article 5 of the Washington Treaty: “The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all [...] will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.”1. The alliance outlines two approaches to maintaining peace: a political approach, by promoting and enforcing democratic values, as well as a military approach, by resolving conflicts and disputes by, for example, engaging in crisis-management. Every decision in NATO symbolises the collective will of all 29 member states, as the organisation operates under consensus. Therefore, any resolution passed must satisfy all existing members. 1 NATO, The North Atlantic Treaty. 6 London International NATO Model United Nations 2020 TOPIC A: Redefining the Security Alliance 7 London International NATO Model United Nations 2020 Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was founded in 1949 with a clear and unswerving purpose: to protect from Soviet expansion and aggression. However, since the fall of the USSR, many have been wondering what NATO’s purpose is now. This uncertainty has most recently been voiced by the current President of the United States. As an organisation, NATO claims to promote democratic values and, as manifested in Article 5, protect and aid its member states in times of crisis. But perhaps it is time to discuss what these member states need protection from. This topic ought to explore and redefine what exactly ‘security’ means, and what types of threats NATO wants to protect from. New security threats are on the rise, such as the Climate Disaster, the Migrant Crisis (as viewed by some members to be a security risk), and more. Furthermore, with the United States, arguably NATO’s most valuable contributor to the alliance, doubts regarding the alliance, it is of utmost importance that NATO reaffirms its commitments to serve member states’ interests, or they might risk losing its most important ally. This discussion is open to a great deal more innovation and bold proposals and we encourage all delegates to engage with this subject on such grounds whilst still acknowledging present concerns of the alliance. 8 London International NATO Model United Nations 2020 Definitions Human Security Human security is a comprehensive, prevention orientated, people-centred vision of security which seeks to address a broad range of threats faced by individuals and communities.2 Environmental Security Environmental security is a multi-faceted conceptualisation of security which acknowledges the circular effect of climate change and security situations on one another, ultimately guiding discourse towards policies of disaster prevention, resilience, and response.3 Examples of such environmental security concerns are centred on an awareness of lack of readiness in the event of events such as rapid flooding and wildfires, and climate change’s warming of the planet leading to worsening ecological conditions. Hybrid Warfare NATO defines this term as ‘adversaries with the ability to simultaneously employ conventional and non-conventional means adaptively in pursuit of their objectives’.4 Cyber warfare and other methods not privy to conventional warfare are considered to be facets of Hybrid Warfare. Cyber Warfare Cyber warfare refers to the actions by of a nation-state, or international entity, or non-state actor to attack and attempt to damage a nation's computers or information networks. NATO has reaffirmed Cyber defence as a ‘part of [the alliance’s] core task of collective defence.’ Recently focusing 2 LSE IDEAS, Human Security. 3 Campbell, National Security Implications of Climate Change. 4 Jasper and Moreland, The Islamic State is a Hybrid Threat. 9 London International NATO Model United Nations 2020 on improving the resilience of the cyber-network of the alliance, NATO Allies agreed to set up a new Cyberspace Operations Centre as part of NATO’s strengthened Command Structure at the Brussels Summit in 2018.5 Non-State Terrorism Non-state terrorism refers to the actions of groups or individuals not enjoying the backing of nation-states which undertake violent actions intended to achieve political results, most often through spreading terror; NATO’s current guidelines focus on awareness, resilience, and engagement as the three pillars of its counter-terrorism policy.6 Crisis Management As part of NATO’s ‘collective readiness’ goal, it aims to have a robust and rapid response to any emerging crises which threaten the security of its member states.