UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FAKULTETA ZA NARAVOSLOVJE IN MATEMATIKO Oddelek za biologijo DIPLOMSKO DELO Špela LAVRENČIČ Maribor, 2014 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FAKULTETA ZA NARAVOSLOVJE IN MATEMATIKO Oddelek za biologijo Diplomsko delo Gregarine (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) v prebavilih kobilic (Orthoptera) Mentor: red. prof. dr. Dušan DEVETAK Kandidatka: Špela LAVRENČIČ Maribor, 2014 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FAKULTETA ZA NARAVOSLOVJE IN MATEMATIKO IZJAVA Podpisana Špela Lavrenčič, roj. 9.7.1986, študentka Fakultete za naravoslovje in matematiko Univerze v Mariboru, študijskega programa biologija in sociologija, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Gregarine (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) v prebavilih kobilic (Orthoptera) pri mentorju red. prof. dr. Dušan Devetaku avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; teksti in druge oblike zapisov niso uporabljeni brez navedbe avtorjev. Špela Lavrenčič Maribor, 2014 LAVRENČIČ, Š.: Gregarine (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) v prebavilih kobilic (Orthoptera). Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2013. LAVRENČIČ, Š. : Gregarine (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) v prebavilih kobilic (Orthoptera). Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2013. IZVLEČEK Gregarine (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) so paraziti v prebavilih in telesnih votlinah nevretenčarjev, kot so kolobarniki, plaščarji in členonoţci. Poleti in v jeseni leta 2013 sem pregledala prebavila 30 osebkov iz 11 vrst kobilic (Orthoptera) iz severovzhodne Slovenije. Našla sem sedem vrst gregarin: Leidyana gryllorum (Cuenot, 1897); Gregarina delmasi Tuzet et Rambier, 1953; Gregarina cf. proteocephala Semans, 1939; Gregarina sp. 1; Gregarina sp. 2; Gregarina sp. 3 in Gregarina sp. 4. Od teh je vrsta Gregarina cf. proteocephala Semans, 1939 za Slovenijo prvič zabeleţena. Identitete štirih vrst iz rodu Gregarina nisem mogla ugotoviti. Ključne besede: Eugregarinida, gregarine, paraziti, kobilice, Orthoptera, Slovenija. 1 LAVRENČIČ, Š.: Gregarine (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) v prebavilih kobilic (Orthoptera). Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2013. LAVRENČIČ, Š. : Gregarines (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) in the digestive tract of insect of the order Orthoptera. Graduation Thesis, University of Maribor, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Department of Biology, 2013. ABSTRACT Gregarines (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) are parasites in the digestive tract and body cavities of invertebrates, such as annelid, tunicates and arthropods. In the summer and in the autumn of 2013, I have examined the intestines from 11 species of 30 locust (Orthoptera) from NE Slovenia. I found seven species of gregarines: Leidyana gryllorum (Cuenot, 1897); Gregarina delmasi Tuzet et Rambier, 1953; Gregarina cf. proteocephala Semans, 1939; Gregarina sp. 1; Gregarina sp. 2; Gregarina sp. 3 and Gregarina sp. 4. The species Gregarina cf. Proteocephala Semans, 1939 is the first time recorded in Slovenia. Four species of the genus Gregarina I have not been able to identify. Key words: Eugregarinida, Gregarines, parasites, Orthoptera, grasshoppers, Slovenia. 2 LAVRENČIČ, Š.: Gregarine (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) v prebavilih kobilic (Orthoptera). Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2013. KAZALO VSEBINE 1 UVOD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 ZNAČILNOSTI GREGARIN ............................................................................................... 1 1.3 VRSTNA SPECIFIČNOST .................................................................................................. 1 1.4 ŢIVLJENJSKI KROG GREGARIN .................................................................................... 2 1.4.1 OKUŢBA........................................................................................................................ 2 1.4.2. RAST IN RAZVOJ ....................................................................................................... 2 1.5 POMEN GREGARIN ZA GOSTITELJA ............................................................................ 4 1.6 KOBILICE KOT GOSTITELJI ............................................................................................ 5 1.6.1 SISTEM KOBILIC ......................................................................................................... 5 1.6.2 PREBAVILA IN PREHRANA KOBILIC ..................................................................... 6 1.6.3 VRSTE GREGARIN V KOBILICAH ........................................................................... 7 2 NAMEN IN HIPOTEZE............................................................................................................ 16 3 MATERIAL IN METODE ........................................................................................................ 16 4 REZULTATI.............................................................................................................................. 16 5 DISKUSIJA ............................................................................................................................... 41 6 ZAHVALA ................................................................................................................................ 42 7 VIRI IN LITERATURA ............................................................................................................ 43 3 LAVRENČIČ, Š.: Gregarine (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) v prebavilih kobilic (Orthoptera). Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2013. KAZALO PREGLEDNIC Preglednica 1: Seznam vrst gregarin (Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida), ki jih navajajo kot parazite v kobilicah. ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Preglednica 2: Pregledane kobilice ter prisotnost gregarin v njih. ............................................... 17 Preglednica 3: Meritev osebkov Leidyana gryllorum v Acheta domesticus (v μm). .................... 20 Preglednica 4: Meritve osebkov vrste Leidyana gryllorum v Gryllus campestris (v μm). ........... 21 Preglednica 5: Meritve osebkov v Pachytrachis gracilis (v μm). ................................................ 23 Preglednica 6: Meritve osebkov v Pachytrachis gracilis (v μm). ................................................ 25 Preglednica 7: Meritev osebkov vrste Gregarina sp.v Gryllus campestris (μm). ........................ 27 Preglednica 8: Meritve osebkov vrste Gregarina sp. v Gryllus campestris (v μm). .................... 30 Preglednica 9: Meritev osebkov v Pholidoptera griseoaptera (v μm). ........................................ 33 Preglednica 10: Meritev osebkov vrste Gregarina sp. 3 v Pholidoptera griseoaptera (v μm). ... 36 Preglednica 11: Meritev osebkov v Pholidoptera griseoaptera (v μm). ...................................... 38 Preglednica 12: Meritev osebkov v Pholidoptera griseoaptera (v μm). ...................................... 39 KAZALO SLIK Slika 1: Ţivljenjski krog vrste Gregarina cuneata v mokarju (Tenebrio molitor) (Clopton, 2002).. ............................................................................................................................................. 3 Slika 2: Odrasli osebek Leidyana gryllorum v Acheta domesticus............................................... 20 Slika 3: Močna infekcija z Leidyana gryllorum v Acheta domesticus.......................................... 20 Slika 4: Osebki vrste Leidyana gryllorum v Gryllus campestris. ................................................. 21 Slika 5: Gregarina delmasi. .......................................................................................................... 22 Slika 6: Gregarina delmasi Tuzet et Rambier, 1953 (Geus, 1969). ............................................. 22 Slika 7: Posamezni osebki vrste Gregarina c.f. proteocephala v Pachytrachis gracilis. ............ 24 Slika 8: Gamonti vrste Gregarina c.f. proteocephala v asociaciji v Pachytrachis gracilis. ....... 24 Slika 9: Gregarina proteocephala Semans, 1939 (Semans, 1939). .............................................. 25 Slika 10: Gregarina scapsipedae H. Hoshide, 1958 (Hoshide, 1978).......................................... 25 Slika 11: Gamonti v asociaciji v Pachytrachis gracilis. .............................................................. 26 4 LAVRENČIČ, Š.: Gregarine (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Eugregarinida) v prebavilih kobilic (Orthoptera). Diplomsko delo, Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, 2013. Slika 12: Gregarina scapsipedae H. Hoshide, 1958 (Hoshide, 1978).......................................... 27 Slika 13: Asociacija osebkov Gregarina sp. v Gryllus campestris. ............................................. 28 Slika 14: Gregarina arietulidae Hoshide, 1978 v asociaciji (Hoshide, 1978). ............................ 29 Slika 15: Gregarina parva Hoshide, 1978 (Hoshide, 1978). ........................................................ 29 Slika 16: Gregarina galliveri Watson, 1915 (Watson, 1916). ...................................................... 30 Slika 17: Gregarina concava