Road Network Improvement Project (RRP CAM 41123) Initial Environmental Examination (Draft) Project No.: 41123-015 June 2017 Cambodia: Road Network Improvement Project (Road Improvements for National Road 1 and National Road 6) Prepared by the Ministry of Public Works and Transport for the Asian Development Bank (ADB) CURRENCY EQUIVALENT As of 1 April 2017 Currency unit Riel (R) R1.00 = $0.00025 $1.00 = R4,031 ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank AH1 ASEAN Highway 1 AP affected person BOD biochemical oxygen demand CBPWL Central Building and Public Works Laboratory CC cylinder capacity CCCSP Cambodia Climate Change Strategic Plan CEMP contractor’s environmental management plan CMAC Cambodia Mine Action Center COD chemical oxygen demand DBST double bituminous surface treatment DPWT District Public Works and Transport EIA environmental impact assessment EMP environmental management plan GHG greenhouse gas GMS Greater Mekong Subregion GRC grievance redress committee GRM grievance redress mechanism IEE initial environmental examination IEIA initial environmental impact assessment ILO International Labor Organization IOL inventory of loss IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MOE Ministry of Environment MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MPWT Ministry of Public Works and Transport MRC Mekong River Commission NR national road OHS occupational health and safety PIC project implementation consultant PMU project management unit PPCR pilot program for climate resilience TA project preparation technical assistance RAMP Road Asset Management Project RNIP Road Network Improvement Project ROW right-of-way SEC Southern Economic Corridor ESO Environment and Social Office UNDP United National Development Program UXO unexploded ordnance WEIGHTS AND MEASURES oC degree centigrade cm centimeter km kilometer km2 square kilometer m meter m2 square meter m/s meter per second mm millimeter mg/l milligram per liter NTU nephelometric turbidity unit NOTES In the report, “$” refers to US dollars. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff and may be preliminary in nature. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 1 A. BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................ 1 B. PROJECT DESIGN ..................................................................................................................... 1 C. PROJECT BENEFITS .................................................................................................................. 2 D. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION AT THE NATIONAL ROADS ............................................................... 2 E. PROJECT IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES .......................................................................... 3 F. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION ................................................... 7 G. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ............................................................................................ 7 H. KEY EMP IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................................ 8 I. OVERALL CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 8 II. Policy, Legal, and administrative framework ............................................................. 9 A. POLICY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................... 9 B. LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ............................................................................... 10 C. LAWS, REGULATIONS, GUIDELINES, AND STANDARDS .................................................................. 11 1. Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management ............................. 11 2. Protected Area Law (No. NS/RKM/0208/007) ....................................................................... 11 3. Law on Historical Monuments ............................................................................................... 12 4. Law on Wildlife ...................................................................................................................... 13 5. Law on Forestry Management ............................................................................................... 13 6. Subsidiary Laws on Environmental Protection ....................................................................... 13 D. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES ........................................................................... 16 E. ADB SAFEGUARD POLICY STATEMENT ...................................................................................... 17 III. Description of the Project ......................................................................................... 18 A. GENERAL ............................................................................................................................. 18 B. PROJECT RATIONALE.............................................................................................................. 19 C. OUTPUT 1: SAFE AND CLIMATE RESILIENT NATIONAL ROADS ....................................................... 21 D. OUTPUT 2: ENHANCEMENT OF AXLE LOAD CONTROL ................................................................. 25 E. OUTPUT 3: STRENGTHENING OF QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM IN MPWT ...................................... 25 F. OUTPUT 4: IMPROVEMENT OF ROAD SAFETY ALONG PROJECT ROADS ............................................ 26 G. FOLLOW-ON ROAD MAINTENANCE PHASE .................................................................................. 26 IV. Description of the Environment ............................................................................... 28 A. NATIONAL ROAD 1 ................................................................................................................ 28 B. NATIONAL ROAD 6 ................................................................................................................ 31 C. PHYSICAL SETTING ................................................................................................................. 32 1. Geography ............................................................................................................................. 32 2. Climate ................................................................................................................................... 33 3. Topography ............................................................................................................................ 33 D. GEOLOGY AND SOILS ............................................................................................................. 34 E. AIR QUALITY AND NOISE ........................................................................................................ 36 F. HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES ...................................................................................... 37 G. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES AND BIODIVERSITY .............................................................................. 41 1. Forests and Vegetation .......................................................................................................... 41 2. Protected Areas ..................................................................................................................... 42 3. Biodiversity ............................................................................................................................ 44 4. Fish Resources ........................................................................................................................ 44 H. SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS................................................................................................ 46 1. Population .............................................................................................................................. 46 2. Economy................................................................................................................................. 48 3. Poverty Assessment ............................................................................................................... 48 4. Livelihood ............................................................................................................................... 48 5. Religion and Ethnicity ............................................................................................................ 49 6. Tourism .................................................................................................................................. 49 I. PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES .............................................................................................. 49 J. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.................................................................................................. 50 K. CURRENT SITUATION OF MATERIALS TESTING LABORATORIES ...................................................... 51 L. UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE ....................................................................................................... 53 V. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures ............................... 54 A. POSITIVE IMPACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL