Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Bakalářská práce Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol: A Comparison of Two Czech Translations Monika Bártová Plzeň 2021 Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury Studijní program Filologie Studijní obor Cizí jazyky pro komerční praxi Kombinace angličtina – francouzština Bakalářská práce Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol: A Comparison of Two Czech Translations Monika Bártová Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Ivona Mišterová Ph.D. Katedra anglického jazyka a literatury Fakulta filozofická Západočeské univerzity v Plzni Plzeň 2021 Prohlašuji, že jsem práci zpracoval(a) samostatně a použil(a) jen uvedených pramenů a literatury. Plzeň, duben 2021 ……………………… Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor PhDr. Ivona Mišterová Ph.D. for her professional guidance and oversight of the process of writing this thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to Mgr. Tomáš Hostýnek, for his valuable advice and patience enabled me to complete this thesis. 1 Table of contents INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 3 1 Translation ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Language and culture ......................................................................................... 6 1.2 Methods of translation ....................................................................................... 7 1.3 Translation as an interpretation .......................................................................... 8 1.4 Equivalence and limits of translatability.......................................................... 10 2 Selected issues of (literary) translation ................................................................ 12 2.1 Proper Names ................................................................................................... 12 2.2 National and historical particularities .............................................................. 14 2.3 Idioms and set phrases ..................................................................................... 16 2.4 Wordplay and puns .......................................................................................... 18 3 Charles Dickens ..................................................................................................... 19 3.1 Life ................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Literary works and themes ............................................................................... 21 4 A Christmas Carol ................................................................................................. 23 4.1 Adaptations ...................................................................................................... 24 5 Translation analysis and comparison .................................................................. 25 5.1 Translating names ............................................................................................ 25 5.1.1 Names which were likely meant to carry meaning................................... 25 5.1.2 Names of supernatural beings................................................................... 27 5.1.3 Children names ......................................................................................... 28 5.1.4 Other selected examples of translating names .......................................... 29 5.2 National and historical particularities .............................................................. 31 5.2.1 Geographical references and currency ..................................................... 31 5.2.2 Social dialect............................................................................................. 32 5.2.3 Addressing and conventions ..................................................................... 33 5.2.4 Other selected particularities .................................................................... 34 5.3 Idioms and set phrases ..................................................................................... 36 5.4 Wordplay and puns .......................................................................................... 41 5.5 General evaluation of individual translations .................................................. 45 5.5.1 Translation by Eva Housková................................................................... 45 5.5.2 Translation by Lucie Šavlíková ................................................................ 45 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 47 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 49 2 ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 54 RESUMÉ ....................................................................................................................... 55 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 56 3 INTRODUCTION Charles Dickens is a name which, without doubt, rings a familiar bell to readers not only in the English-speaking countries, but in the whole western world. Even if one has not read a single story from one of the greatest British authors of all time, they surely heard of at least one of the works Dickens wrote, for they outlived him. While I wrote a relatively extensive seminary paper on Charles Dickens’ literary works for my high-school literature class, A Christmas Carol – allegedly reader-friendly for its length – was not on the list. A true shame it was, seeing as the story with alluring supernatural elements turned into a classic loved by readers of all ages. The magical tale of a greedy man visited by three ghosts just the night before Christmas might give the impression of being for children only, for it all ends well; however, the moral of the story and the rich language employed make A Christmas Carol a story for all. The Czech translation of A Christmas Carol was published in several editions over the years; however, very recently – in 2019 to be precise – a new A Christmas Carol (or rather Vánoční koleda) appeared on the market. It provides the Czech readers not only with an edition of the book with detailed illustrations brining the story to life, but also with a new translation; with the promise of major differences from the previous ones as they are visible just upon leafing through the first pages. This thesis is divided into two main parts, the theoretical one and the practical one. The former is focused on translation in general, with emphasis on common issues one might face when translating a literary work, one intended for readers varying in age from children to elders and on the problem of cultural context the readers might miss. The theoretical part mostly relies on Jiří Levý’s Umění překladu, Juliane House’s Translation: the basics and Susan Bassnett’s Translation Studies. The latter contains three major parts; one focusing on basic information concerning Charles Dickens’ personal and professional life and his works, one dedicated to A Christmas Carol and its rightful place among the classics, and one comparing two Czech translations of Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol. For this purpose, the translations by Eva Housková and by Lucie Šavlíková have been chosen, the latter being the aforementioned title from 2019. 4 The main emphasis of the analysis will be placed on examples of translating names, idioms, wordplay and cultural particularities, comparing how the two translators opted for using different language either in favour of staying as true to the source language as possible or in favour of choosing phrases which sound the most natural in the target language, perhaps taking into consideration and accommodating the appeal to young (or modern) readers. 5 1 Translation While there are several characterisations of translation to be found in various publications, the differences of the fundamental definition could be considered insignificant. According to House, “it is a procedure where an original (“source”) text is replaced by another text in different (“target”) language (House, 2018, 9).” Over the years of existence of translation studies, this undoubtedly true definition has been extended by other than purely linguistic approaches. The development of a multidisciplinary approach resulted in translation being considered such a complex process that it is believed that, at least in the near future, it could not be executed solely by computers, especially when literary translation is concerned (House, 2018, 2). One of the reasons for such a claim is that languages are simply a material for translation and the mere knowledge of them is insufficient. House (25) states that using two languages as one’s own, individually, is only the necessary foundation for being a competent translator. Specifying translation as “a process involving transfer of ‘meaning’ contained in one set of language signs into another set of language signs (Bassnett, 2002, 21),” facilitates the understanding of Roman Jakobson’s classification of translation into three categories. Intralingual translation (“rewording”) is translation in which verbal signs of one language are interpreted by means of signs in the same