The Faculty of Arts and Education MASTER THESIS Study program: Lektorutdanning for trinn 8-13 Spring term, 2019 Open Author: Henrik Hope Supervisor: Oliver Martin Traxel “Hello [Streamer] PogChamp”: The Language Variety on Twitch Word of reference: Twitch.tv. Computer-Mediated Pages: 62 Communications. Emotes. + attachment/other: 36 Discourse characteristics. Stavanger, 04.05.2019 date/year Abstract The present text is a research into the language usage in Computer-Mediated Communication, specifically on the online streaming platform Twitch.tv. The study will discuss Twitch’s language variety with a focus on Twitch emotes and discourse characteristics of a Twitch chat log. Studying Twitch emotes is the underlying method of this research as the thesis will attempt to distinguish meaning from the top 5 most used emotes on Twitch and try to establish the context to which these emotes occur. The focus group of this thesis is from selected livestreams that average between 30-500 viewers, characterized as a “participatory community”. Participatory communities are distinguished as communities that encourage openness and calls for its members to engage in shared activities, thus creating a shared identity and history online. With this focus group, the present study will conduct a qualitative survey regarding the participants’ perception of Twitch emotes and a Computer-mediated Discourse Analysis (CMDA) of the chat logs in order to find emote context, how emotes affect the participatory community and discourse characteristics of a Twitch chat. Conducting research on online behavior is often anecdotal or speculative; however, the approach to answering the research questions in this thesis was done by combining the participants’ perception of emotes and by analyzing and extracting a valuable answer from the chat log. What the qualitative survey revealed was that the perception of emotes was varied, meaning it had more than just one mode of expression, yet its expressions were somewhat similar. By using the survey findings as framework for the chat log samples, the CMDA findings revealed that Twitch’s discourse characteristics had the same features as any other online medium, the context to which emotes occurred correlated with the participants’ perception of emotes, and that some emotes promoted others to respond whereas some emotes did not. Table of Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Twitch ................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.3 Twitch Emotes ................................................................................................................................. 11 2. Literature Review and Theoretical Chapter ...................................................................................... 15 2.1 Language Variety ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.2 Participatory Communities ............................................................................................................ 21 2.3 Audience of Gameplay .................................................................................................................... 24 2.4 Computer-mediated Discourse Analysis (CMDA) ....................................................................... 25 2.5 Summary of Literature review and Theory chapter ................................................................... 28 3. Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 29 3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Computer Mediated Discourse Analysis ....................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 The choice of the sample .............................................................................................................. 31 3.3 Qualitative data collection .............................................................................................................. 32 3.3.1 Background information about the case and its participants .................................................. 34 3.3.2 Electronic survey .......................................................................................................................... 35 3.3.3 Observations ................................................................................................................................. 37 3.4 The process of data collection and data analysis .......................................................................... 37 3.5 Research validity and reliability .................................................................................................... 38 3.6 Research ethics ................................................................................................................................ 40 3.7 Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 40 4. Findings .................................................................................................................................................. 42 4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 42 4.2 Survey findings ................................................................................................................................ 42 4.2.1 Background question findings .................................................................................................... 42 4.2.2 Viewing habits findings ............................................................................................................... 45 4.2.3 Chat findings ................................................................................................................................ 47 4.2.4 Emote and Finalized question findings ...................................................................................... 48 4.3 CMDA findings ............................................................................................................................... 51 4.3.1 The emote’s effect on the participatory community ................................................................. 52 3 4.3.2 Sentence context ........................................................................................................................... 54 4.3.3 Discourse characteristics ............................................................................................................. 56 5. Discussion............................................................................................................................................... 58 5.1 Qualitative survey discussion ......................................................................................................... 58 5.2 CMDA discussion ............................................................................................................................ 62 6. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 66 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................................... 69 Appendices ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Table of Appendices Appendix 1: Chatlog from SubParButInHD stream from 5th of March 2019. .................................... 76 Appendix 2: Chatlog from LudwigAhgren’s stream from 25th of February 2019. ............................. 77 Appendix 3: Chatlog from SubParButInHD’s stream from 1st of March 2019. ................................. 78 Appendix 4: Chatlog from LudwigAhgren’s stream from 5th of March 2019. ................................... 79 Appendix 5: Twitch usernames of the participants in the survey. ...................................................... 80 Appendix 6: Nationality and age of the participants. .......................................................................... 81 Appendix 7: Gender and interests of participants. .............................................................................. 82 Appendix 8: Playing alone or with friends, average time spent on gaming, and average time spent on Twitch. ................................................................................................................................................ 83 Appendix 9: What the participants mainly watch Twitch for and how the participants found Twitch. ............................................................................................................................................................ 84 Appendix 10: What the participants have noticed in change from the first time they started using Twitch. ...............................................................................................................................................