Approved October 24, 2018 Recommended Citation: Kouider, Noémie, and Anne Toussignant-Miller. “Conflict Sensitivity Analysis and Implementation Strategy.” Prepared for USAID’s Integrated Health Program by subcontractor International Rescue Committee (IRC), under contract to Abt Associates Inc., Rockville, Maryland, original September 6, 2018, revised Oct 10, 2018, approved October 24, 2018. Submitted to: Richard Matendo, COR, Maternal & Child Health Program Specialist, Health Office, USAID/Democratic Republic of the Congo, (+243 81 555 4514), Kinshasa, DRC. Cover Photo: Photos by International Rescue Committee (IRC) Abt Associates Inc. 1 6130 Executive Boulevard 1 Rockville, Maryland 20814 1 T. 301.347.5000 1 www.abtassociates.com With: International Rescue Committee (IRC) Pathfinder International BlueSquare Training Resources Group (TRG) Mobile Accord/Geopoll i+Solutions Viamo Matchboxology USAID’S INTEGRATED HEALTH PROGRAM Conflict Sensitivity Analysis and Implementation Strategy Contract No.: 72066018C00001 DISCLAIMER: This report is made possible by the support of the American People through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................... VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... VIII 1.1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. VIII 1.2 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... VIII 1.3 FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................ IX 1.4 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................... XI 1. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................1 2. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................2 2.1 DESK REVIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 PRE-WORKSHOP QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION ....................................................... 2 2.3 CONSOLIDATION WORKSHOP ................................................................................................. 3 2.3.1 CONFLICT CAUSAL PATHWAYS ..................................................................................................... 4 2.3.2 CONFLICT MAPPING ............................................................................................................................ 4 2.3.3 DIVIDERS AND CONNECTORS ........................................................................................................ 5 2.3.4 SCENARIO PLANNING ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.3.5 RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES ............................................................................................................. 5 2.3.6 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 6 3. FINDINGS .......................................................................................................................7 3.1 CONTEXT ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.1 DRC CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2 REGIONAL AND PROVINCIAL CONTEXT ................................................................................... 7 3.2 CONFLICTS IN USAID IHP AREAS OF INTERVENTION .................................................... 11 3.2.1 MAIN CAUSES OF CONFLICT ......................................................................................................... 11 3.2.2 LOCAL CONFLICT ANALYSES ........................................................................................................ 13 3.2.3 EASTERN CONGO REGION ............................................................................................................. 13 3.2.4 KASAI REGION ............................................................................................................................. 26 3.2.5 KATANGA REGION ................................................................................................................... 33 4. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................ 37 4.1 CONFLICT SENSITIVITY IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .................................................. 37 USAID IHP: CONFLICT SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY USAID.GOV | III 4.2 NEXT STEPS ....................................................................................................................................... 43 ANNEX A: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS ............................................................................... 44 ANNEX B: CONSOLIDATION WORKSHOP AGENDA .......................................... 47 ANNEX C: INTERVIEW GUIDE FOR KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS AND FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS ....................................................................................................... 51 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 55 TABLES TABLE 1: Dividers and Connectors between Bafuliiru and Barundi (Ruzizi Plain Chiefdom Conflict) ...... 16 TABLE 2: Scenario Planning – Ruzizi Plain Chiefdom Conflict ............................................................................. 16 TABLE 3: Dividers and connectors between community members and land owners/customary leaders (land conflicts in Walungu Territory) ......................................................................................................................... 19 TABLE 4: Scenario Planning – Ruzizi Plain Chiefdom Conflict ............................................................................. 20 TABLE 5: Dividers and Connectors between Batwa and Bantu People in Tanganyika .................................. 24 TABLE 6: Scenario Planning – Batwa-Bantu Conflict in Tanganyika .................................................................... 24 TABLE 7: Dividers and Connectors between Kamwina Nsapu Militia and the Population of Kasai (Customary Power Conflict) – Sankuru Situation ................................................................................................... 28 TABLE 8: Scenario Planning – Kamwina Nsapu Insurgency in Kasai ................................................................... 29 TABLE 9: Dividers and Connectors between the Populations of the Territories of Kabeya Kamuanga and Ndimbelenge (Land Conflict) ........................................................................................................................................ 31 TABLE 10: Scenario Planning – Land Conflicts between the Territories of Kabeya Kamuanga and Ndimbelenge ..................................................................................................................................................................... 32 TABLE 11: Dividers and Connectors between Opposition Political Parties and the Presidential Party/Central/Provincial Government (Katanga region) ........................................................................................ 34 TABLE 12: Dividers and Connectors between Ethnic Associations in Katanga ............................................... 35 TABLE 13: Scenario Planning – Political Conflict with Ethnic Undertones in Katanga ................................... 36 TABLE 14: Risks of Conflicts on Program and Mitigation Actions ...................................................................... 37 TABLE 15: Risks of Program on Conflict and Mitigation Actions ........................................................................ 40 FIGURES FIGURE 1: Workshop in Kalémie on August 13, 2018 ............................................................................................ 3 FIGURE 2: Key informant interview with a representative of the Bilomba Health Zone in Kasai Central on August 14, 2018 ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 USAID IHP: CONFLICT SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY USAID.GOV | IV FIGURE 3: Conflict Sensitivity Analysis workshop in Bukavu ................................................................................. 3 FIGURE 4: Conflict causal pathway exercise – Kasai region ................................................................................... 4 FIGURE 5: Do No Harm Framework ........................................................................................................................... 5 FIGURE 6: Conflict Mapping South Kivu (Ruzizi Plain Chiefdom Conflict) ......................................................