The Study on Water Resources Management in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan FINAL REPORT VOLUME I MAIN REPORT PART-A WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MASTER PLAN Table of Contents Preface Letter of Transmittal Acknowledgement Abbreviation and Glossary Executive Summary Page Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------MA-i Chapter 1 Preconditions of Water Resources Management Master Plan 1.1 Current Water Use in Jordan---------------------------------------------------MA1-1 1.1.1 Municipal, Industrial and Touristic Water------------------------------- MA1-1 1.1.2 Irrigation Water-------------------------------------------------------------MA1-2 1.2 Population------------------------------------------------------------------------MA1-3 1.3 Socio-Economic Situation-----------------------------------------------------MA1-3 1.3.1 GDP--------------------------------------------------------------------------MA1-3 1.3.2 National Budget and External Assistance------------------------------- MA1-5 1.3.3 Results of Socio-Economic Interview Survey-------------------------- MA1-5 1.4 Financial Status of Water Sector----------------------------------------------MA1-9 1.4.1 General-----------------------------------------------------------------------MA1-9 1.4.2 Existing Financial Status of WAJ-----------------------------------------MA1-9 1.5 Water Demand Projection------------------------------------------------------MA1-14 1.5.1 Municipal Water------------------------------------------------------------MA1-14 1.5.2 Industrial Water-------------------------------------------------------------MA1-15 1.5.3 Touristic Water--------------------------------------------------------------MA1-19 1.5.4 Irrigation Water--------------------------------------------------------------MA1-29 1.6 Water Strategy and Sector Policy---------------------------------------------MA1-40 1.6.1 Irrigation Water-------------------------------------------------------------MA1-40 1.6.2 Industrial Water-------------------------------------------------------------MA1-41 1.6.3 Municipal Water------------------------------------------------------------MA1-42 1.7 Related Organization-----------------------------------------------------------MA1-44 1.7.1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation------------------------------------------MA1-44 1.7.2 Water Authority of Jordan-------------------------------------------------MA1-44 1.7.3 Jordan Valley Authority----------------------------------------------------MA1-45 Chapter 2 Water Resources Potential and Development Plan 2.1 Surface Water-------------------------------------------------------------------MA2-1 2.1.1 Hydrogeology and Climatology------------------------------------------MA2-1 i 2.1.1.1 General Features of Climatological Conditions--------------------- MA2-1 2.1.1.2 Rainfall and Evaporation-----------------------------------------------MA2-2 2.1.1.3 Stream Flow-------------------------------------------------------------MA2-6 2.1.2 Surface Water Basins-------------------------------------------------------MA2-7 2.1.2.1 North Basins-------------------------------------------------------------MA2-9 2.1.2.2 Central Basins-----------------------------------------------------------MA2-12 2.1.2.3 Eastern Desert Basins--------------------------------------------------MA2-14 2.1.2.4 Southern Basins---------------------------------------------------------MA2-15 2.1.3 Surface Water Potential----------------------------------------------------MA2-16 2.1.3.1 Base Flow----------------------------------------------------------------MA2-16 2.1.3.2 Flood Flow---------------------------------------------------------------MA2-16 2.1.3.3 Surface Water Potential in Drought Year---------------------------- MA2-19 2.1.3.4 Reservoirs----------------------------------------------------------------MA2-20 2.1.4 Present Development of Surface Water----------------------------------MA2-22 2.1.5 Existing Development Scheme-------------------------------------------MA2-24 2.1.6 Consideration on Sector Policy-------------------------------------------MA2-28 2.2 Groundwater---------------------------------------------------------------------MA2-30 2.2.1 General Hydrogeology of Jordan-----------------------------------------MA2-30 2.2.2 Fresh Groundwater Resources--------------------------------------------MA2-37 2.2.2.1 Groundwater Basin and Aquifer System-----------------------------MA2-37 2.2.2.2 Renewable Groundwater Potential-----------------------------------MA2-42 2.2.2.3 Fresh Fossil Groundwater Potential----------------------------------MA2-48 2.2.2.4 Groundwater Abstraction and Remaining Potential---------------- MA2-49 2.2.3 Brackish Groundwater-----------------------------------------------------MA2-53 2.2.3.1 Basin and Aquifer System---------------------------------------------MA2-53 2.2.3.2 Brackish Groundwater Potential--------------------------------------MA2-61 2.2.4 Groundwater Development Plan------------------------------------------MA2-65 2.2.5 Groundwater Level Depletion---------------------------------------------MA2-70 2.2.6 Consideration on Sector Policy-------------------------------------------MA2-72 Chapter 3 Wastewater Effluent 3.1 Existing Wastewater Treatment-----------------------------------------------MA3-1 3.1.1 Description of Existing Plants--------------------------------------------MA3-1 3.1.2 Wastewater Quantity-------------------------------------------------------MA3-4 3.1.3 Wastewater Quality---------------------------------------------------------MA3-7 3.1.3.1 Domestic Wastewater---------------------------------------------------MA3-7 3.1.3.2 Industrial Wastewater---------------------------------------------------MA3-7 3.1.4 Cost of Wastewater Treatment--------------------------------------------MA3-8 3.1.5 Present Condition of Treatment-------------------------------------------MA3-11 3.1.5.1 Assessment of Wastewater and Sludge Treatment------------------ MA3-11 3.1.5.2 Negative Environmental Impact--------------------------------------MA3-14 3.1.5.3 Assessment of Operation and------------------------------------------MA3-17 Maintenance of Treatment Systems 3.1.6 Present Status of Planning of Wastewater Treatment Plants---------- MA3-18 3.2 Present Use of Wastewater and Sludge--------------------------------------MA3-21 3.2.1 Wastewater Reuse-----------------------------------------------------------MA3-21 3.2.1.1 Irrigation Water Quantities---------------------------------------------MA3-21 3.2.1.2 Present Reuse of Treated Wastewater--------------------------------MA3-22 ii CHAPTER 2 WATER RESOURCES POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN The Study on Water Resources Management in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Final Report/Main Report Part-A “Master Plan” CHPTER 2 WATER RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2.1 Surface Water 2.1.1 Hydrology and Climatology 2.1.1.1 General Features of Climatological Conditions The climate of Jordan ranges from the Mediterranean Sea (semi-humid, annual rainfall is 500mm/yr to 600mm/yr) to the desert (annual rainfall is less than 100mm/yr). Dry summer with average maximum annual temperatures of 38.8 oC occurs during April to October. In summer, the average daily mean temperature of Amman Airport and Deir Alla are 22.3 oC and 28.2 oC respectively (AD 1981-1998). On the other hand, in winter months from November till March, the average minimum annual temperature is 0.5 oC. In winter, the average daily mean temperature of Amman Airport and Deir Alla are 10.3 oC and 17.0 oC respectively (AD 1981-1998). The Rift Valley and the highlands belong to the semi-arid to arid climate zone largely affected by moist westerly air masses from the Mediterranean Sea in winter. In summer, dry easterly desert winds affect the whole country. In winter, winds are generally westerly to southwesterly. The temperature ranges from a few Celsius in winter to around 46 oC in summer. The average temperature in the wet season rises from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan Valley and falls again to the eastern plateau. With respect to evaporation, annual Class A pan evaporation ranges from 2,042 mm in Zarqa to 5,038 mm in Ma’an, from 2,594 mm in the Jordan Rift Valley to 3,516 mm in the eastern hills, and 3,214 mm in the Desert area (Jafr). Seasonal uneven and fluctuating rainfall affects the country during the period from October until mid May. Eighty (80) % of the annual rainfall takes place during December-March period. Average annual rainfall ranges between less than 25 mm in the eastern desert to approximately 600 mm over Ajloun heights. Based on the rainfall distribution, Jordan can be classified into the categories as shown on Table 2.1.1-1. Table 2.1.1-1 Classification by Rainfall Distribution Classified Annual Catchment Area Rainfall Volume Rainfall Area Ratio (AD1937 – 1998) Zone (mm/yr) (km2) (%) (MCM) Semi-humid 500 - 600 620 0.7 425 Semi-arid 300 - 500 2,950 3.3 1,170 Marginal 200 - 300 2,030 2.2 530 Arid 100 - 200 20,050 22.3 2,950 Desert < 100 64,350 71.5 3,425 Total 90,000 100.0 8,500 Source: WIS database of MWI MA2 - 1 The Study on Water Resources Management in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Final Report/Main Report Part-A “Master Plan” The above-mentioned figures indicate that 93% of the total area of Jordan is arid or desert land with an average annual rainfall of below 200 mm/yr. Of course, this signifies the importance of the limited water resources as an instrumental factor in the overall socio-economic planning at the nationwide level. Rainfall is the