SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Behavioral adaptations of sandy beach macrofauna in face of climate change impacts: a conceptual framework Felicita Scapini1*, Emilia Innocenti Degli1, Omar Defeo2* 1Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy. 2 UNDECIMAR, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay. *Corresponding authors E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Table 1S. Overview of common behavioral adaptations studied in sand beach macrofauna, stressing their dependence on environmental and biological driving forces. Behavioral Physico-chemical Biological Geographical Relevant references adaptation driving forces driving extension of forces observations Activity rhythms Tides; night/day; Food; mate; Chile, Mezzetti et al., 1994; seasons; salinity; predation; France, Kennedy et al., 2000; rainfall; air cannibalism; Great Britain, Jaramillo et al., temperature & competition Italy, Spain, 2000; Nardi et al. humidity; pressure Tunisia 2003; Ugolini, 2003; Rossano et al., 2008, 2018; Lastra et al., 2010; Naylor, 2010; Colombini et al., 2013; Ayari et al., 2015; Nasri et al, 2017 Habitat Substrate; Food; Australia, Williams, 1995; selection temperature; predation; Great Britain, Colombini et al., moisture; salinity; competition Italy, Poland, 2002; Fanini et al., granulometry; Tunisia, 2012; Fanini & sediment organic Uruguay Lowry, 2014; Fanini content et al., 2017 Zonation & Substrate; air Food; mate; Brazil, Chile, Scapini et al., 1992; zonal recovery temperature; predation; France, Williams, 1995; moisture; salinity; competition Great Britain, Brown & Odendaal, granulometry; Italy, 1994; Colombini et organic content; Portugal, al., 1994; Fallaci et tides; day-time; South Africa, al., 1996, 1999; season; storms Spain, Colombini et al., Tunisia, 2002, Jaramillo et Uruguay al., 2003; Defeo & McLachlan, 2005; Rodil et al., 2006; Lastra et al., 2010; Colombini et al., 2013; Nourisson et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2017 Orientation Air & substrate Food; Brazil, Chile, Ugolini et al., 1995; temperature & predation France, Scapini et al., 2002; moisture; tides; Great Britain, Ugolini et al., 2003; storms; day-time; Greece, Italy, Meschini et al., 2008; season Kenya, Scapini & Dugan, Morocco, 2008; Fanini et al., Poland, 2009; Colombini et Portugal, al., 2013; Scapini, South Africa, 2014; Nourisson & Tunisia, Scapini, 2015; Uruguay Ugolini & Ciofini, 2016; Bessa et al., 2017; Ciofini & Ugolini, 2018; Scapini et al., 2019 Migration Tides; storms; Mate; food; Ecuador, Davidson et al., night/day; seasons brood care Ireland, Italy, 2004; Vanagt et al., Kenya, 2008 Tunisia Homing Substrate; air Food; Italy, Japan, Vannini & Cannicci, temperature; predation; Kenya, 1995 moisture; day-time; mate; brood Tunisia, tides; landscape care; USA, competition Burrowing Substrate Food; mate; Australia, Wolfrath, 1992; gradients; predation; Brazil, McGaw, 2005; granulometry; brood care; Canada, Lucrezi & Schlacher, moisture; tides; competition Great Britain, 2010; Sassa & storms; night/day; Indonesia, Watabe, 2008, 2011, seasons Japan, 2014; Wardiatno et Kenya, al., 2016; McLachlan Portugal, & Defeo, 2018 South Africa, USA Foraging Salinity; pCO2; Food; Chile, Italy, Pennings et al., moisture; organic competition; South Africa, 2000; Duarte et al., content; tides; predation; Spain, Sri 2010; Colombini et night/day; seasons cannibalism Lanka, al., 2013; Lastra et Tunisia, al., 2015; Lagar et Uruguay, al., 2016; Cannicci et USA al., 2018; McLachlan & Defeo, 2018 Reproduction & Habitat gradients; Mate; brood; Brazil, Great Williams, 1978; recruitment refuge; tides; competition; Britain, Italy, Marques et al., 2003; night/day; seasons predation New Defeo & McLachlan, Zeeland, 2005; Stanley et al., Portugal, 2012 Tunisia, Uruguay Gregariousness Habitat extension Population Australia, Gherardi et al., 2012; & competition abundance Italy, Kenya, Aquiloni & Tricarico and density, Sri Lanka, 2015; Cannicci et al., resource USA 2018 availability References in this Table Aquiloni, L., Tricarico, E., 2015. 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