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Supplementary Material SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Behavioral adaptations of sandy beach macrofauna in face of climate change impacts: a conceptual framework Felicita Scapini1*, Emilia Innocenti Degli1, Omar Defeo2* 1Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy. 2 UNDECIMAR, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay. *Corresponding authors E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Table 1S. Overview of common behavioral adaptations studied in sand beach macrofauna, stressing their dependence on environmental and biological driving forces. Behavioral Physico-chemical Biological Geographical Relevant references adaptation driving forces driving extension of forces observations Activity rhythms Tides; night/day; Food; mate; Chile, Mezzetti et al., 1994; seasons; salinity; predation; France, Kennedy et al., 2000; rainfall; air cannibalism; Great Britain, Jaramillo et al., temperature & competition Italy, Spain, 2000; Nardi et al. humidity; pressure Tunisia 2003; Ugolini, 2003; Rossano et al., 2008, 2018; Lastra et al., 2010; Naylor, 2010; Colombini et al., 2013; Ayari et al., 2015; Nasri et al, 2017 Habitat Substrate; Food; Australia, Williams, 1995; selection temperature; predation; Great Britain, Colombini et al., moisture; salinity; competition Italy, Poland, 2002; Fanini et al., granulometry; Tunisia, 2012; Fanini & sediment organic Uruguay Lowry, 2014; Fanini content et al., 2017 Zonation & Substrate; air Food; mate; Brazil, Chile, Scapini et al., 1992; zonal recovery temperature; predation; France, Williams, 1995; moisture; salinity; competition Great Britain, Brown & Odendaal, granulometry; Italy, 1994; Colombini et organic content; Portugal, al., 1994; Fallaci et tides; day-time; South Africa, al., 1996, 1999; season; storms Spain, Colombini et al., Tunisia, 2002, Jaramillo et Uruguay al., 2003; Defeo & McLachlan, 2005; Rodil et al., 2006; Lastra et al., 2010; Colombini et al., 2013; Nourisson et al., 2014; Harris et al., 2017 Orientation Air & substrate Food; Brazil, Chile, Ugolini et al., 1995; temperature & predation France, Scapini et al., 2002; moisture; tides; Great Britain, Ugolini et al., 2003; storms; day-time; Greece, Italy, Meschini et al., 2008; season Kenya, Scapini & Dugan, Morocco, 2008; Fanini et al., Poland, 2009; Colombini et Portugal, al., 2013; Scapini, South Africa, 2014; Nourisson & Tunisia, Scapini, 2015; Uruguay Ugolini & Ciofini, 2016; Bessa et al., 2017; Ciofini & Ugolini, 2018; Scapini et al., 2019 Migration Tides; storms; Mate; food; Ecuador, Davidson et al., night/day; seasons brood care Ireland, Italy, 2004; Vanagt et al., Kenya, 2008 Tunisia Homing Substrate; air Food; Italy, Japan, Vannini & Cannicci, temperature; predation; Kenya, 1995 moisture; day-time; mate; brood Tunisia, tides; landscape care; USA, competition Burrowing Substrate Food; mate; Australia, Wolfrath, 1992; gradients; predation; Brazil, McGaw, 2005; granulometry; brood care; Canada, Lucrezi & Schlacher, moisture; tides; competition Great Britain, 2010; Sassa & storms; night/day; Indonesia, Watabe, 2008, 2011, seasons Japan, 2014; Wardiatno et Kenya, al., 2016; McLachlan Portugal, & Defeo, 2018 South Africa, USA Foraging Salinity; pCO2; Food; Chile, Italy, Pennings et al., moisture; organic competition; South Africa, 2000; Duarte et al., content; tides; predation; Spain, Sri 2010; Colombini et night/day; seasons cannibalism Lanka, al., 2013; Lastra et Tunisia, al., 2015; Lagar et Uruguay, al., 2016; Cannicci et USA al., 2018; McLachlan & Defeo, 2018 Reproduction & Habitat gradients; Mate; brood; Brazil, Great Williams, 1978; recruitment refuge; tides; competition; Britain, Italy, Marques et al., 2003; night/day; seasons predation New Defeo & McLachlan, Zeeland, 2005; Stanley et al., Portugal, 2012 Tunisia, Uruguay Gregariousness Habitat extension Population Australia, Gherardi et al., 2012; & competition abundance Italy, Kenya, Aquiloni & Tricarico and density, Sri Lanka, 2015; Cannicci et al., resource USA 2018 availability References in this Table Aquiloni, L., Tricarico, E., 2015. Social Recognition in Invertebrates: the Knowns and the Unknowns. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 266 pp. Ayari, A., Jelassi, R., Ghemari, C., Nasri-Ammar, K., 2015. Locomotor activity patterns of two sympatric species Orchestia montagui and Orchestia gammarellus (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Biological Rhythm Research, 46, 863-871. Bessa, F., Scapini, F., Cabrini, T.M.B., Cardoso, R., 2017. Behavioural responses of talitrid amphipods to recreational pressures on oceanic tropical beaches with contrasting extension. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 486,170-177. Brown, A.C., Odendaal, F.J., 1994. The biology of oniscid Isopoda of the genus Tylos. Advances in Marine Biology, 30, 89-153. Cannicci, S., Fusi, M., Cimó, F., Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Fratini, S., 2018. Interference competition as a key determinant for spatial distribution of mangrove crabs. BMC Ecology, 18, 1-12. Ciofini, A., Ugolini, A., 2018. Sun and moon compasses in Tylos europaeus (Crustacea Isopoda), Ethology Ecology & Evolution, 30, 235-244. Colombini, I., Aloia, A., Bouslama, M., ElGtari, M., Fallaci, M., Ronconi, L., Scapini, F., Chelazzi, L., 2002. Small-scale spatial and seasonal differences in the distribution of beach arthropods on the northwestern Tunisian coast. Are species evenly distributed along the shore? Marine Biology, 140, 1001-1012. Colombini, I., Chelazzi, L., Scapini, F., 1994. Solar and landscape cues as orientation mechanisms in the beach- dwelling beetle Eurynebria complanata (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Marine Biology, 118, 425-432. Colombini, I., Fallaci, M., Gagnarli, E., Rossano, C., Scapini, F., Chelazzi, L., 2013. The behavioural ecology of two sympatric talitrid species, Talitrus saltator (Montagu) and Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas) on a Tyrrhenian sandy beach dune system. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 117, 37-47. Davidson, I.C., Crook, A.C., Barnes, D.K.A., 2004. Macrobenthic migration and its influence on the intertidal diversity dynamics of a meso-tidal system. Marine Biology, 145, 833-842. Defeo, O., McLachlan, A., 2005. Patterns, processes and regulatory mechanisms in sandy beach macrofauna. A multi-scale analysis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 295, 1-20. Duarte, C., Jaramillo, E., Contreras, H., Acuña, K., 2010. Cannibalism and food availability in the talitrid amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata. Journal of Sea Research, 64, 417-421. Fallaci; M., Aloia, A., Audoglio, M., Colombini, I., Scapini, F., Chelazzi, L., 1999. Differences in behavioural strategies between two sympatric talitrids (Amphipoda) inhabiting an exposed sandy beach of the French Atlantic coast. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 48, 469-482. Fallaci, M., Colombini, I., Taiti, S., Chelazzi, L., 1996. Environmental factors influencing the surface activity and zonation of Tylos europaeus (Crustacea: Oniscidea) on a Tyrrhenian sandy beach. Marine Biology, 125, 751-763. Fanini, L., Defeo, O., Do Santos, C., Scapini, F., 2009. Testing the Habitat Safety Hypothesis with behavioural field experiments: amphipod orientation on sandy beaches with contrasting morhodynamics. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 392, 133-141. Fanini, L., Lowry, J., 2014. Coastal talitrids and connectivity between beaches: A behavioural test. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 457, 120-127. Fanini, L., Marchetti, G.M., Baczewska, A., Sztybor, K., Scapini, F., 2012. Behavioural adaptation to different salinities in the sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Crustacea: Amphipoda): Mediterranean vs Baltic populations. Marine and Freshwater Research, 63, 275-281. Fanini, L., Zampicinini, G., Tsigenopoulos, C.S., Barboza, F.R., Lozoya, J.P., Gómez, J., Celentano, E., Lercari, D., Marchetti, G.M., Defeo, O., 2017. Life-history, substrate choice and Cytochrome Oxidase I variations in sandy beach peracaridans along the Rio de la Plata estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 187, 152-159. Gherardi, F., Aquiloni, L., Tricarico, E., 2012. Behavioral plasticity, behavioral syndromes and animal personality in crustacean decapods: An imperfect map is better than no map. Current Zoology, 58, 567-579. Harris, L.R., Abrahams, K., Bezuidenhout, K., Nel, R., 2017. The relative role of intrinsic and extrinsic factors driving alongshore movement of swash-riding smooth plough shells, Bullia rhodostoma. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 486, 77-86. Jaramillo, E., Avellanal, M.H., Gonzales, M., Kennedy, F., 2000. Locomotory activity of Phalerisida maculata Kulzer (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) on Chilean sandy beaches. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 73, 67-77. Jaramillo, E., Contreras, H., Duarte, C., Avellanal, M.H., 2003. Locomotor activity and zonation of upper shore arthropods in a sandy beach of north central Chile. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58, 177-197. Kennedy, F., Naylor, E., Jaramillo, E., 2000. Ontogenetic differences in the circadian locomotor activity rhythm of talitrid amphipod crustacean Orchestoidea tuberculata. Marine Biology, 137, 511-517. Lagar, M.C., Pazzagli, L., Cappugi, G., Giusfredi, G., Colombini, I., Fallaci, M., Chelazzi, L., Scapini, F., 2016. Enzyme activity and trophic links of macroarthropods living on an exposed Mediterranean beach–dune system. Italian Journal of Zoology, 83, 221-232. Lastra, M., López, J., Neves, G., 2015. Algal decay, temperature and body size influencing trophic behaviour of wrack consumers in sandy beaches. Marine Biology,
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