Legal Study on Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity United Kingdom January 2014 Update Authors of the 2014 Update: David Harris Therese Murphy Jeffrey Kenner Toni Johnson Ana Filipa Santos Franet contractor: Human Rights Law Centre, University of Nottingham Authors of the 2010 Update and 2008 report: David Harris Therese Murphy Jeffrey Kenner Toni Johnson DISCLAIMER: This document was commissioned under contract as background material for comparative analysis by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) for the project ‘Protection against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation, gender identity and sex characteristics in the EU, Comparative legal analysis, Update 2015’. The information and views contained in the document do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA. The document is made publicly available for transparency and information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal opinion. Contents Executive summary .............................................................................................................. 1 1 Implementation of Employment Directive 2000/78/EC .......................................... 9 1.1 Equality Act Personal and Material Scope ................................................................... 12 1.2 Equality Act Occupational Requirements .................................................................... 18 1.3 Equality Act Enforcement for Employment ................................................................. 20 1.4 Implementation of Article 9/2 of Directive 2000/78 .................................................... 21 1.5 National Human Rights Institution – Equality and Human Rights Commission ......... 22 2 Freedom of movement .............................................................................................. 24 3 Asylum and subsidiary protection .......................................................................... 29 3.1 Asylum Framework ...................................................................................................... 29 3.2 Jurisprudential evolution of LGBT asylum claims ...................................................... 31 3.3 Subsidiary Protection ................................................................................................... 34 3.4 Humanitarian Protection............................................................................................... 35 3.5 Discretionary Leave ..................................................................................................... 36 3.6 Reuniting LGBT families in the asylum system .......................................................... 37 3.6.1 UK based partner has refugee status ................................................................. 37 3.6.2 UK based partner has been granted humanitarian protection .......................... 38 4 Family reunification ................................................................................................. 40 4.1 Entry as a civil partner.................................................................................................. 40 4.2 Entry as a ‘proposed’ civil partner ............................................................................... 41 Civil partnership ‘visit’ visa ......................................................................................... 42 4.3 Recognition of legal partnerships and same-sex marriages entered into abroad- Applicants applying from overseas .............................................................................. 42 4.4 Applications for ‘leave to remain’ emanating from within the UK ............................. 43 4.5 Same-sex partners rule ................................................................................................. 43 5 Freedom of assembly ................................................................................................ 46 6 Criminal law .............................................................................................................. 49 6.1 Incitement to hatred ...................................................................................................... 49 6.2 Homophobic motivation as an aggravating factor in a common crime ........................ 52 7 Transgender issues .................................................................................................... 55 7.1 Discrimination against transgender people in employment, vocational training, and the provision of goods, facilities and services .................................................................... 55 7.2 Freedom of Movement, Asylum and Subsidiary Protection, and Family Reunification ...................................................................................................................................... 59 7.3 Freedom of Assembly .................................................................................................. 60 7.4 Criminal Law ................................................................................................................ 60 7.5 Legislation regarding names and changes of names for transgender people................ 61 7.6 Legislation regarding change of gender/sex ................................................................. 62 7.7 Other relevant legislation ............................................................................................. 64 8 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................ 65 9 Intersex ...................................................................................................................... 66 9.1 Legislation, jurisprudence and policies ........................................................................ 66 9.2 Surgical and medical interventions .............................................................................. 67 10 Good practices ........................................................................................................... 70 10.1 Criminal law: homophobic and transphobic crimes ..................................................... 70 10.1.1 Assisted or third party reporting of homophobic and transphobic crimes ........ 70 10.1.2 Incitement to hatred on grounds of sexual orientation ...................................... 71 10.1.3 Pioneering Public NGO Research into Homophobic and Transphobic Crimes 71 10.2 Transgender People and Employment .......................................................................... 72 10.2.1 Job Applications and Criminal Record Information .......................................... 72 10.2.2 ‘Gender Reassignment: A Guide for Employers’ ............................................... 73 10.3 Education on sexual orientation ................................................................................... 74 10.4 Government Policies .................................................................................................... 74 11 Annex 1 – Case law ................................................................................................... 76 11.1 Chapter 2, the interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC ................................................................................................................... 76 11.1.1 Chapter 2, the interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 1 ............................................................................ 76 11.1.2 Chapter 2, the interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 2 ............................................................................ 77 11.1.3 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 3 ............................................................................ 78 11.1.4 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 4 ............................................................................ 79 11.1.5 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 5 ............................................................................ 80 11.1.6 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 6 ............................................................................ 82 11.1.7 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 7 ............................................................................ 83 11.1.8 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 8................................................................................................ 84 11.1.9 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 9................................................................................................ 85 11.1.10 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 10 .......................................................................... 86 11.1.11 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or implementation of Employment Equality Directive 2000/78/EC, case 11 .......................................................................... 87 11.1.12 Chapter 2, interpretation and/or