Craftsmen and Artisans in Goa (A.D. 1000 to 1700) A Thesis submitted to the Goa University for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History by Christopher H. de Souza Department of History Goa University Under the guidance of Dr. Nagendra Rao Professor and Head of the Department of History Goa University Goa University, Taleigão Plateau, Goa - 403206. September 2020 Declaration I hereby declare that this Ph.D. thesis entitled, “Craftsmen and Artisans in Goa (A.D. 1000 to 1700)”, submitted to Goa University forms an independent work carried out by me in the Department of History, Goa University under the supervision of Dr. Nagendra Rao, Professor and Head of the Department of History, Goa University and this thesis has not previously formed the basis of award of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar titles. Christopher H. de Souza Place: Goa University, Taleigão Plateau, Goa - 403206. Date: September 2020 Countersigned by Dr. Nagendra Rao Research Guide Professor and Head of the Department of History Goa University ii Certificate I certify that this Ph.D. thesis entitled “Craftsmen and Artisans in Goa (A.D. 1000 to 1700)”, submitted by Christopher H. de Souza for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, Goa University, is a record of research work done by him during the period from September 2015 to September 2020 when he worked under my guidance. This has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship or Fellowship to Christopher H. de Souza. Dr. Nagendra Rao Research Guide Professor and Head of the Department of History Goa University Place: Goa University, Taleigão Plateau, Goa - 403206. Date: September 2020 iii Dedication To my parents and sister iv Contents Title page i Declaration ii Certificate iii Dedication iv Contents v List of Illustrations vi List of Appendices vii Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations ix Glossary x Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Pre-Portuguese period: Aspects of society 23 Chapter 3: Pre-Portuguese period: Economic life and taxation 65 Chapter 4: Pre-Portuguese period: Industries, influence and contributions 97 Chapter 5: Portuguese period: Social and religious aspects 135 Chapter 6: Portuguese period: Some areas of craft production 193 Chapter 7: Portuguese period: Craftsmen in the urban setting and theoretical aspects 257 Chapter 8: Conclusion 313 Appendices 333 Bibliography 341 v List of Illustrations Figures 4.1 Sculpture of the lion emblem of the Goa Kadambas 104 4.2 Depiction of a naval vessel and a war scene on a hero-stone 108 4.3 A sati-stone 110 4.4 A sculpture of Mahishasuramardini 116 4.5 A sculpture of Martanda Bhairava 118 5.1 The signature of Raulu Chatim 187 5.2 Depiction of the washermen of Goa 189 5.3 Depiction of the blacksmiths of Goa 190 5.4 Depiction of the goldsmiths of Goa 191 6.1 A solóne where iron was prepared from the ore by the dovôllos 219 6.2 Woman transporting iron prepared from the ore by the dovôllos 220 6.3 Map of Fernão Vaz Dourado depicting the coast of India 230 6.4 Chart of Manuel Godinho de Erédia depicting Goa 232 6.5 A Hindu goldsmith 233 6.6 A carpenter 234 6.7 A Hindu washerwoman 236 7.1 Symbol of Pondea Naique, mestre or master carpenter 293 7.2 Mark of Rama Naique, mestre or master stonemason 293 7.3 Mark of Ganneça Naique, mestre or master stonemason 294 7.4 Mark of Caulia Gauro, mestre or master stonemason 294 7.5 Mark of Rama Gauro, mestre or master stonemason 295 7.6 Signature of Ambrozio de Freitas, mestre or master stonemason 295 Tables 6.1 Salaries of officials of the Ribeira in AD 1554 206 6.2 Salaries of officials of the Ribeira in AD 1571 207 vi List of Appendices Appendix 1 Document mentioning some Goans on board the 333-334 Nossa Senhora do Rosario e Santo Antonio 2 Document informing that Domingos Dias, a carpenter 335-336 was examined 3 Document informing that Polpotia Naique, a Hindu 337-338 carpenter was examined 4 Document mentioning Ganneça Naique as a mestre or 339-340 master stonemason vii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my Research Guide, Dr. Nagendra Rao, Professor and Head of the Department of History, for his guidance during this period of study. I am grateful to the Goa University for awarding me its Research Studentship. I would like to thank the members of the Departmental Research Committee, Dr. Seema S. Risbud and Dr. Remy Dias for their valuable suggestions during the seminars. I would also like to thank Professor Pratima Kamat, Professor N. Shyam Bhat, Mr. Parag D. Parobo and the staff of the Department of History, Goa University. I would also like to thank Professor Vijaya Ramaswamy, Professor Amélia Polónia, Professor Luísa Trindade and Mrs. Lilia Maria de Souza for their valuable suggestions. I would also like to thank Mrs. Maria Antonieta da Cruz e Fernandes for her help in the translation of some Portuguese documents. I am also grateful to the librarians and staff of the Goa University Library, the Krishnadas Shama Goa State Central Library and the Xavier Centre of Historical Research. I am thankful to the staff of the Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Goa. I would also like to place on record my gratitude to the librarians and staff of the Karnatak University Library, the library of the Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute in Pune, the library of the University of Mumbai, the University of Mysore Library and the Mangalore University Library. I am also thankful to the curators and staff of the Archaeological Survey of India Museum in Old Goa, the Pilar Seminary Museum in Pilar and the Goa State Museum in Panjim. I would also like to thank my parents and sister for their encouragement and support during this period of study. Christopher H. de Souza viii Abbreviations ACE Assentos do Conselho do Estado ANTT Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, Lisbon APO-CR Archivo Portuguez-Oriental edited by J. H. da Cunha Rivara ARIE Annual Report on Indian Epigraphy ARSI Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu ARSIE Annual Report on South Indian Epigraphy BIMB Boletim do Instituto Menezes Bragança BIVG Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama CAA Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque CII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum CT Collecção de tratados e concertos de pazes que o Estado da India Portugueza fez com os reis e senhores com quem teve relações nas partes da Asia e Africa Oriental desde o principio da conquista até ao fim do seculo XVIII DI Documenta Indica DMP: Documentação para a história das missões do Padroado Português do Índia Oriente: Índia DRI Documentos remettidos da India ou Livros das Monções EI Epigraphia Indica HAG Historical Archives of Goa, Panjim IA The Indian Antiquary JBBRAS Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society JBHS Journal of the Bombay Historical Society JESHO Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient JKU: H Journal of the Karnatak University: Humanities JKU: SS The Journal of Karnatak University: Social Sciences JNSI The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India KI Karnatak Inscriptions OP O Oriente Portuguez / O Oriente Português PIHC Proceedings of the Indian History Congress QJMS The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society SII South Indian Inscriptions ix Glossary Abridor dos cunhos One who prepared the coin moulds Acunhador Coin-puncher Akkasale Goldsmith Alparqueiro Shoemaker Anikara Supervisor of minting operations Armaria Where weapons were deposited Badagi Carpenter Baddi Interest Baledere Tax on manufacture of bangles Begari Forced labour or unpaid labour Beirame A very fine white cotton cloth from India Bitti Forced labour or unpaid labour Calafate Caulker Carpinteiro Carpenter Casado Portuguese married settler Chamar Cobbler Cordoaria Rope manufactory Cordoeiro Rope-maker Cotonia Piece of cotton cloth Cunhador Coin-puncher Davorne Load-rest Dere Tax Dovornim Load-rest Ensaiador Assaying chief Escrivão Clerk Espingardeiro One who manufactured or sold guns Faraz Basket-maker Férias Daily wages Ferraria Workshop where iron from the mines was prepared Ferreiro Blacksmith Fundição Workshop for the casting of metals x Fundidor A staff of the foundry Gana Oil-mill Ganadere Tax on oil-mills Ganaka Oil-mill Ganv Village Kammara Blacksmith Kammarapaga Tax on blacksmiths Kammata Mint Kammatakara Mint master Kanchugar Coppersmith Kankonnkar Bangle seller Kara Tax Kansar Coppersmith Kharvi Fisherman Kumbhar Potter Lohar Blacksmith Madival Washerman Madivalapaga Tax on washermen Maggadere Loom tax on weaving Mahar Basket-maker Mainato Washerman Mantimento An allowance which was paid in kind or in cash Mocadão Headman Modvol Washerman Mukaddam Headman Mukhya Elder Namasy Land given to the village servants in return for their service Nomoxim Land given to the village servants in return for their service Oja From Sanskrit upadhyaya meaning teacher Oleiro Potter Ourives Goldsmith Paga Tax Patrão Superintendent xi Pedreiro Stonemason Postura Regulation Sapateiro Shoemaker Sarraf Moneychanger Seni From Sanskrit shreni meaning guild Sese Tax, levy Shimpi Tailor Shroff Moneychanger Sirgueiro One who worked with silk threads and cords Sonar Goldsmith Sthapati Architect Sunka Customs duty or toll Sutar Carpenter Sutradhara Mason, engraver Suvarnakar Goldsmith Tafecira Kind of fabric from India Tanoeiro Cooper Teada A piece of linen Telliga Oil-presser Thavaya Carpenter Thovi Carpenter Vadde Wards of a village Vetti Forced labour or unpaid labour Vinani Blacksmith Visti Forced labour or unpaid labour Xaraffo Moneychanger xii Chapter 1 Introduction Political and geographical setting Goa lies on the west coast of India. The coastline has the Arabian Sea. The states of Karnataka and Maharashtra are along the land boundary. The Ratnagiri and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra lie towards the north.