Ethnographic Assessment of Kaibab Paiute Cultural Resources In Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah Richard W. Stoffle Alex K. Carroll Amy Eisenberg John Amato Final Report October 2004 Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA TUCSON Ethnographic Assessment of Kaibab Paiute Cultural Resources: The Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah Final Report Prepared for Kaibab Paiute Tribe Kaibab Reservation Pipe Spring, Arizona And The United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Kanab Resource Area Office 318 North 100 East Kanab, UT 84741 Prepared By Richard W. Stoffle Alex K. Carroll Amy Eisenberg John Amato Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology October 1, 2004 ii Table of Contents List of Figures viii Acknowledgements x Forward xii Study Goals xiii Tiering xiii The Indian Study Area xiii Spelling of Indian Names xiv GIS Map xiv Access Data Base xiv Accomplishments xiv Chapter One Study Overview Richard Stoffle 1 Project Overview 1 Project Study Area 3 Legislative Context 4 Cultural Affiliation and Involved American Indian Tribes 10 The Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology 11 Native American Cultural Resource Revitalization 11 Center for Applied Spatial Analysis (CASA) 12 UofA Study Team 12 Chronology of Activity 13 Chapter Two History: Creation to Restoration Richard Stoffle and Alex K. Carroll 16 What is An Indian History? 16 Local History 18 Paiute Views of Their Culture 19 Creation Stories 22 Traditional Southern Paiute Political Units 23 Disease and Sociopolitical Disruption 24 1840-1875 Depopulation 25 1875-1900 Depopulation 27 iii The High Chiefs 28 Chiefs of Alliance 28 Twentieth Century High Chiefs 29 Continuities in Southern Paiute Political Leadership 30 Sub-tribes 31 Districts 33 Ecosystem Analysis of Yanawant Districts 35 Summary 41 Pipelines of Disruption 43 1625-1830 44 1829-1848 48 1848-1858 52 Impacts of the Treaty of Guadalupe Higaldo 52 Impacts of the Forty-Niners’ Route 56 1860s-1900s Anglo Colonization of the Eastern Yanawant Territories 61 1880s-Restoration 69 Chapter Three Unpacking Kelly Alex K. Carroll and Richard Stoffle 75 Introduction 75 River, Springs, and Water in Southern Paiute Culture 76 Components of A Riverine Cultural Landscape 78 Other Forces' Response to Water 80 Developing a Policy-Relevant Model 80 Springs of the Grand Staircase-Escalante Springs 81 Pa pa-ya-nti [Places Having Springs] 85 AREA A: Kanavic (Sheep Trough Spring), Togoavac (Rattlesnake Water), & Sovipac (Cottonwood Water) (1-3) 86 AREA B: Springs along the Vermilion Cliffs, East of Mocassin Spring (I: 4-13) 86 AREA C: Springs along the Vermilion Cliffs, Moccasin to Rigg Spring (II: 15-21) 88 iv AREA D: Springs in the vicinity of Kanab, East to Navajo Well (III: 25-34) 89 AREA E: Alton Area on the Upper Kanab Creek, Foot of the High Plateaus (IV) 91 AREA F: Watering Places along the Vermilion Cliffs, Wildcat Canyon, and Kaibab Gulch (V: 35-46) 92 AREA G: Ankati: Spring at the base of Paunsaugunt Plateau (VI: 47-52) 93 AREA H: Upper Houserock Valley (Empty Basket- Ousuk?) (VII: 54) 94 AREA I: Lower Houserock Valley, and Cane Ranch to the South, at the eastern base of Kaibab Plateau (VIII: 55-59) 95 AREA J: Springs on Marble Platform, at the base of Vermilion Cliffs, at Cane Ranch, and at the eastern base of the Kaibab Plateau (IX: 60-62, 64, 67,68) 96 AREA K: Springs at the western base of Kaibab Plateau (X: 75-77) 97 Chapter Four Selected Places within the Grand Staircase/Escalante National Monument Amy Eisenberg 99 Knowledge and Its Distribution 99 Site-By-Site Analysis 102 Skutumpah – Rabbitbrush Water 102 Site Description 103 Botanical Interpretation 105 Southern Paiute Interpretation 107 Features 108 Perceived Impacts 109 Recommendations 109 v Upper Ankati – No Mans Mesa Area 110 Site Description 110 Botanical Interpretation 111 Southern Paiute Interpretation 114 Features 115 Perceived Impacts and Recommendations 117 Ipa Navajo Well 118 Site Description 118 Botanical Interpretation 118 Southern Paiute Interpretation 120 Features 121 Perceived Impacts and Recommendation 123 Tupac (Black Water) - Seaman Spring 124 Site Description 124 Botanical Interpretation 125 Southern Paiute Interpretation 126 Features 128 Perceived Impacts 131 Recommendations 132 Chapter Five Cultural Landscape Responses Richard Stoffle 133 American Indian Cultural Landscapes Technical Term 2: Cultural Landscape 133 Levels of Cultural Landscape 138 Eventscape 138 Holy Lands 138 Storyscapes 139 Regional Landscapes 139 Ecoscapes 140 Landmarks 141 American Indian Cultural Ecoscapes in Riverine Systems: A Model a Theory 141 vi The General Model 142 Riverine Ecoscapes 143 Natural Elements 143 Human Elements 144 Puha as Theory 146 Summary 148 Chapter Six Concerns and Recommendations for for Ethnographic Research Resource Preservation Amy Eisenberg and Richard Stoffle 149 General Concerns 149 Renewed Site Visits 149 Expanded Site Visitation 149 Co-Management 150 Tribal Access 150 Expanding Government-to-Government Consultations 150 Bibliography 151 vii List of Figures Figure 1.1. Kaibab Cultural Represenatives x Figure 1.2. Grand Staircase-Escalante Field Office 1 Figure 1.3. Overview of Study Area 3 Figure 1.4. Southern Paiute Consultant, Edna Osife 10 Figure 2.1. Southern Paiute Consultants in GS/ENM 19 Figure 2.2. Kelly’s Map of Southern Paiute Districts 20 Figure 2.3. Puaxant Tuvip: The Southern Paiute Holy Land 21 Figure 2.4. Nineteenth Century Paiute Districts (after Kelly 1934) 34 Figure 3.1. Natural Spring, GSENM. 81 Figure 3.2. Ethnographer, Richard Stoffle and Tribal Consultant, Ila Bullets 85 Figure 4.1. Skutumpah, Rabbitbrush Water Viewscape. 102 Figure 4.2. Skutumpah Creek in Johnson Canyon 103 Figure 4.3. Tribal Elders in Consultation 107 Figure 4.4. Upper Ankati, No Man’s Mesa 110 Figure 4.5. Tribal Consultant, Illa Bullets and Ethnographer Alex K. Carroll 112 Figure 4.6. Southern Paiute Tribal Consultant, Gevene Savala 113 Figure 4.7. Southern Paiute Tribal Consultant, Willis Mayo 115 Figure 4.8. Southern Paiute Tribal Consultant, Geneve Savala and Ethnographer Amy Eisenberg 116 Figure 4.9 Kavaicuwc (Mollie’s Nipple) 117 Figure 4.10, Consultation in the Field 118 Figure 4.11 Escarpment with Petrified Wood 119 Figure 4.12. Southern Paiute Consultant, Willis Mayo 121 Figure 4.13. Southern Paiute Consultant, Illa Bullets 122 Figure 4.14. Evidence of Previous Occupation 122 Figure 4.15. Vermillion Cliffs 123 Figure 4.16. Vermillion Cliffs 123 Figure 4.17. Overview of Tupac (Seaman Spring) 124 Figure 4.18, Southern Paiute Consultant Willis Mayo and Alex K. Carroll 125 Figure 4.19. Sumac 128 Figure 4.20. Southern Paiute Consultant, Edna Osife 128 Figure 4.21, Ethnographers interviewing Southern Paiute Consultants 129 Figure 4.22. Local Resident 130 Figure 4.23. Pottery Fragments 131 Figure 4.23. Ethnographer R.Stoffle and Southern Paiute Consultant, Illa Bullets 131 Figure 5.1 Natural Elements of a Riverine Ecoscape. 144 Figure 5.2. Human Elements of a Riverine Ecoscape 145 viii List of Tables Table 2.1. Old World Disease Episodes Among the Pueblo 25 Table 2.2. Disease Mortality Model, 1847-1856 26 Table 2.3. Southern Paiute Subtribes and Districts 43 Table 3.1. Places Having Springs 82-84 Table 4.1.Contemporary Southern Paiute Tribes 100 Table 4.2 Associated Plants 105 Table 4.3 Associated Plants 106 Table 4.4 Associated Plants 113-114 Table 4.5 Associated Plants 120 Table 4.6 Associated Plants 127 ix Acknowledgements We are deeply grateful to the many individuals, groups, and institutions that have generously shared their resources, time, and knowledge towards the completion of this final report of the Ethnographic Assessment of Kaibab Paiute Cultural Resources of The Grand Staircase-Esca- lante National Monument, Utah.The successful development of any project requires extensive planning, cooperation, and the hard work of multiple individuals, institutions, and agencies The current report represents successful collaboration between the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) who is charged with full management of the new Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, cultural representatives from the Kaibab Paiute Tribe of Utah, and social science re- searchers from the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology at the University of Arizona. Figure 1.1. Kaibab Cultural Represenatives We extend our sincere apprecitation to all of the people who have participated in this study. Spe- cial thanks go to the Superintendent of the Grand StairCase-Escalante National Monument, Kate Cannon, as well as Marietta Eaton of Cultural Resources and Earth Sciences. We also wish to express our appreciation to all of the people from the Kaibab Paiute Tribe who participated in this study. Often Indian people have taken time away from their jobs, families and other com- mitments to share their traditional knowledge, stories, beliefs, and worldviews. We wish to thank Kaibab Paiute tribal chairperson, Carmen Bradley; the head of the Cultural Resource Depart- ment, Brenda Drye; and Cultural Resource Specialist, Ila Bulletts, who served as the official tribal point of contact. Special thanks also go to tribal cultural resource representatives Willis Mayo, Gevene Savala, and Edna Osife for taking time away from their busy schedules to share knowledge of traditional life and cultural resources. The participation of each of these people made this study possible. x Finally, we wish to commend members of the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology (BARA) at The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona for their ongoing support. We would like to thank Dr. James Greenberg, the acting director of BARA, for his ful support of this pro- ject. In addition, we extend our thanks to staff members Maria Rodriquez and Armando Vargas for their unflagging assistance. Finally, we wish to acknowledge Director Gary Christopherson and his colleagues and research assistants, Pat Barabe and Peter Johnson, at the Center for Ap- plied Spatial Analysis (CASA) in the College of Social and Behavioral Science at The University of Arizona for their assistance in producing maps for this study.