SSStttooonnnyyy BBBrrrooooookkk UUUnnniiivvveeerrrsssiiitttyyy The official electronic file of this thesis or dissertation is maintained by the University Libraries on behalf of The Graduate School at Stony Brook University. ©©© AAAllllll RRRiiiggghhhtttsss RRReeessseeerrrvvveeeddd bbbyyy AAAuuuttthhhooorrr... Invasions, Insurgency and Interventions: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark 1654 - 1658. A Dissertation Presented by Christopher Adam Gennari to The Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University May 2010 Copyright by Christopher Adam Gennari 2010 Stony Brook University The Graduate School Christopher Adam Gennari We, the dissertation committee for the above candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, hereby recommend acceptance of this dissertation. Ian Roxborough – Dissertation Advisor, Professor, Department of Sociology. Michael Barnhart - Chairperson of Defense, Distinguished Teaching Professor, Department of History. Gary Marker, Professor, Department of History. Alix Cooper, Associate Professor, Department of History. Daniel Levy, Department of Sociology, SUNY Stony Brook. This dissertation is accepted by the Graduate School """"""""" """"""""""Lawrence Martin "" """""""Dean of the Graduate School ii Abstract of the Dissertation Invasions, Insurgency and Intervention: Sweden’s Wars in Poland, Prussia and Denmark. by Christopher Adam Gennari Doctor of Philosophy in History Stony Brook University 2010 "In 1655 Sweden was the premier military power in northern Europe. When Sweden invaded Poland, in June 1655, it went to war with an army which reflected not only the state’s military and cultural strengths but also its fiscal weaknesses. During 1655 the Swedes won great successes in Poland and captured most of the country. But a series of military decisions transformed the Swedish army from a concentrated, combined-arms force into a mobile but widely dispersed force. Fiscal necessities also drove acts of violence which quickly angered the Polish populace. This sparked a religiously fueled partisan insurgency against Swedish occupation. This insurgency created a stalemate in the war. This stalemate allowed foreign powers, including Austria, Muscovy and Denmark, to intervene in the Swedish-Polish war to advance their own interests. This dissertation examines the dangers of a strong military power trying to occupy a culturally diverse and exotic state without adequate resources to obtain all of the military and political goals of the war. iii Table of Contents List of Charts"."."."."."."."."."vi List of Maps"."."."."."."."."."vii Abbreviations in Footnotes"."."."."."."."viii Acknowledgements"."."."."."."."."ix Chapter 1: Sweden in the Western Perspective".".".". 1 "Historiography"."."."."."."."13 Chapter 2: Sweden’s Military Superiority"."."."."."22 "The ‘Swedish Method’ of War"."."."."."25 "Inclusionary Government and Conscription"."."."41 "Discipline"."."."."."."."."52 "Logistics"."."."."."."."."60 Chapter 3: December 1654"."."."."."."."65 "Decemberrådslagen"."."."."."."."74 "War Against Whom?"."."."."."."."78 "Negotiations "."."."."."."."."87 " Chapter 4: Preparations for War: Spring 1655"."."."."90 "Spring Riksdag of 1655"."."."."."."94 "Contributions and the Reduktion"."."."."."97 "Preparations for War"."."."."."."."101 "European Reaction in the Winter and Spring of 1655"."."111 Chapter 5: Swedish Success in Poland and Prussia in 1655"."."."115 "Swedish Success in Poland"."."."."."."122 "Operation Prussia"."."."."."."."133 Chapter 6: Insurgency and the Decline of Sweden’s Army in Poland"."149 "Mass Divided by Space: Swedish Garrisons"."."."152 "Creating an Insurgency"."."."."."."165 "The Undecisive Decisive Battle of Warsaw."."."."194 "“The Last Eighty Meters of the Middle Ages”"."."."204 iv Chapter 7: The E#ect of Foreign Intervention"."."."."208 "Danzig and the Dutch""."."."."."214 "Brandenburg"."."."."."."."."222 "Transylvania"."."."."."."."."229 "Muscovy"."."."."."."."."239 " Chapter 8: Danish Intervention and Sweden’s Invasion of Denmark"."257 " Chapter 9: In Conclusion."."."."."."."."284 Bibliography"."."."."."."."."."292 v List of Charts Swedish Exports of Artillery Pieces"."."."."."39. Avg. Attendance of Swedish Conscripts by year"."."."48. Avg. Attendance of Swedish Conscripts by Province"."."49. Distribution of Swedish Troops, June 1654"."."."."73 Distribution of Swedish Troops, March 1655"."."."93. Swedish Force Distribution, Eve of War with Poland". "."104. Distribution of Swedish Cavalry"."."."."."105. Distribution of Swedish Infantry"."."."."."105. Distribution of Swedish Troops, July 1655"."."."."119. Charles X Gustav Army Composition, June 1655"."."."120. FM. Wittenberg’s Army Composition, June 1655"."."."120. Army of Livonia Army Composition, June 1655"."."."121. Decline of Swedish Field Forces, 1655-1657"."."."."161. Decline of Provincial Regimental Manpower"."."."162. Manpower Decline of Swedish Infantry Regiments"."."167. Manpower Decline of Swedish Cavalry Regiments"."."168. Swedish Force Distribution, June 1656"."."."."187 Manpower Decline of Swedish Infantry Regiments, 1655-1657 ."."197. Manpower Decline of Swedish Cavalry Regiments, 1655-1657"."198. Charles X’s Army Composition in September 1655"."."203. Charles X’s Army Composition in July 1656"."."."203. Sweden’s Field Army in the Baltic"."."."."."245. Sweden’s Garrisons in the Baltic, July 1656"."."."."246. Sweden’s Garrisons in the Baltic, September 1657"."."."247. Sweden’s Garrisons in the Baltic, July 1658"."."."."248. Rate of Decline of Garrisons in Estonia and Ingria"."."251. Rate of Decline of Garrisons in Livonia"."."."."250. Distribution of Swedish Troops, July 1657"."."."."270. Strength Distribution of Swedish Forces, 1657"."."."271. vi List of Maps Sweden’s Diplomatic Situation, 1654"."."."."66. Sweden’s Diplomatic Situation, 1655"."."."."116. Swedish Operations in Poland and Prussia, 1655"."."."132. Sweden’s Diplomatic Situation, 1656"."."."."150. Swedish Garrisons in Poland and Prussia, Spring 1656"."."156. Sweden’s Diplomatic Situation, 1657"."."."."209. Sweden’s Diplomatic Situation, 1658""."."."258. March Across the Belts"."."."."."."278. vii Abbreviations RA $ Riksarkivet, Stockholm RR $ Riksregisturet (Riksarkivet) RHB - Rådets Handlingar och Brev (Riksarkivet) RRP - Svenska Riksrådets Protokoll SVARP - Sveriges Ridderskaps och Adels Riksdags Protokoll CXGS $ Carl X Gustaf Studier SPJT $ State Papers of John Thurloe SIE $ Michael Roberts, Sweden’s Imperial Experience SGP $ Michael Roberts, Sweden as a Great Power: Collection of Primary Sources. QCGC $ Michael Roberts, “Queen Christina and the """"General Crises of the 17th Century” viii Acknowledgements "This dissertation could not have been completed if not for the significant support of many people. First and foremost I need to thank my wife, Elizabeth O’Connell Gennari. She was there when this project began and questioned me to prepare for my first exams. She was there when this project was about something else entirely and has been an important sounding board and advisor for this project. She was even able to get me home from a research trip in Sweden when the eastern United States was shrouded in an electrical blackout. This dissertation is her triumph as much as it is mine. "I need to thank my advisor, Dr. Ian Roxborough, who shepherded this dissertation through all of its stages. His kind guidance and support made the completion of this project possible. He read every one of the thousands of pages I wrote over the years and always helped mold this into a better project. I would also like to thank the rest of my defense committee. They lent their considerable expertise to this project so that it became well rounded and developed. This project is far better because of their input and support. ""I wish to thank the Graduate School of Stony Brook University. The Graduate School continued to provide the time necessary for me to complete this project. They also fiscally supported my doctoral work. This project and all of my future work would be impossible without the continued faith and support of the Stony Brook University Graduate School. I am glad I could repay their support. "I need to thank the scholars who made this project possible. Michael Roberts’s work remains the only robust work in English on the subject of seventeenth century Sweden. Without his work this project would be impossible. His research, translation, writings and theories formed the backbone of this project. I need to thank Jan Glete, who generously met with me several times before his passing. His work, advice and conversations aided me in my research and thinking. His generosity towards an unknown American with an interest in his homeland’s history was always appreciated. Finally, there is the work of Arne Stade whose Studier remains the most concentrated material on Charles X Gustav. Without Mr. Stade’s voluminous research, writings, editing and organizing of source materials there is little chance this project could ever have been completed. "I need to thank my friends and family who have endured this project for the better part of a decade. They have always been supportive of whatever I needed to do in order to complete this work. No one could ask for more support than I have received in researching and writing this project. I am happy to note that one member of our family, my niece Olivia, has never known a single day of this project. To her this dissertation will be the stu# of myth and legend;