Issue 89, 2nd Quarter 2018 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Information as a Joint Function ISSUE EIGHTY-NINE, 2 ISSUE EIGHTY-NINE, The USCENTCOM By-With-Through Approach Security, Climate Change, ND QUARTER 2018 and Urbanization Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 89, 2nd Quarter 2018 http://ndupress.ndu.edu Gen Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., USMC, Publisher VADM Frederick J. Roegge, USN, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Production Editor John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Copyeditor Andrea L. Connell Book Review Editor Frank G. Hoffman, Ph.D. Associate Editor Patricia Strait, Ph.D. Art Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Publishing Office Intern Victoria Sanker Advisory Committee COL Michael S. Bell, USA (Ret.), Ph.D./College of International Security Affairs; Col James D. Dryjanski, USAF/Air Command and Staff College; Col David J. Eskelund, USMC/Marine Corps War College; RADM Janice M. Hamby, USN (Ret.)/College of Information and Cyberspace; RADM Jeffrey A. Harley, USN/U.S. Naval War College; BGen John M. Jansen, USMC/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; MG John S. Kem, USA/U.S. Army War College; LTG Michael D. Lundy, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; Brig Gen Chad T. Manske, USAF/National War College; Col William McCollough, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; LtGen Kenneth F. McKenzie, Jr., USMC/The Joint Staff; RDML Jeffrey Ruth, USN/Joint Forces Staff College; VADM Kevin D. Scott, USN/The Joint Staff; Brig Gen Jeremy T. Sloane, USAF/Air War College Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Jim Q. Chen/College of Information and Cyberspace; Stephen D. Chiabotti/School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; COL Joseph J. Collins, USA (Ret.)/National Defense University; Richard L. DiNardo/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Bryon Greenwald/ Joint Forces Staff College; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.)/The Joint Staff; Kathleen Mahoney- Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Thomas L. McNaugher/ Georgetown University; LtGen Bernard E. Trainor, USMC (Ret.); Bert B. Tussing/U.S. Army War College Cover 2 images (top to bottom): In January 2017, General Colin Powell, USA (Ret.), addressed students at National Defense University in Washington, DC; met with staff of Joint Force Quarterly, from left, John J. Church, Andrea L. Connell, Joanna E. Seich, Jeffrey D. Smotherman, and William T. Eliason; and signed copies of his book It Worked for Me (NDU/Katie Lewis); Sailors ready flight deck after aircraft launch aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt, Arabian Gulf, February 2018 (U.S. Navy/Andrew Langholf); DLIFLC hosted its 31st Language Day and honored 54 combat veterans of Vietnam War, Presidio of Monterey, California, May 2015 (U.S. Army/Steven Shepard) About the Cover In This Issue U.S. Marine fires M777-A2 Howitzer as part of 24-hour all-weather fire 2 From the Chairman support for coalition’s local partners, the Syrian Democratic Forces, Forum as part of Combined Joint Task Force–Operation Inherent Resolve, 4 Executive Summary the global coalition to defeat ISIS By William T. Eliason in Iraq and Syria, June 1, 2017 (U.S. Marine Corps/Matthew Callahan) 6 Introducing Information as a Joint Function By Alexus G. Grynkewich 8 Paradigm Change: Operational Art and the Information Joint Function By Scott K. Thomson and 69 Laying the Foundation Book Reviews Christopher E. Paul for a Strategic By-With- 114 Illusions of Victory Reviewed by Conrad C. Crane 15 The Practical Implications of Through Approach Information as a Joint Function By Edward F. Dorman III and 115 Anatomy of a Campaign Christopher P. Townsend By Gregory C. Radabaugh Reviewed by Williamson Murray 18 Globally Integrated Commentary 116 America’s First General Staff Exercises: Optimizing Joint 76 Why Not a Joint Security Reviewed by Randy Papadopoulos Force C2 Structure Force Assistance Command? By Stephen M. Gallotta, James A. By John Francis Jakubowski Covington, and Timothy B. Lynch Doctrine 118 Preparing for Tomorrow’s 24 Moore’s Law and the Challenge 80 A Holistic Approach to Problem-Solving Fight: Joint Concepts of Counter-sUAS Doctrine and Future Readiness By Stephen F. Nowak By Mark D. Newell By Andrew J. Loiselle 86 The Importance of 28 Outmatched: Shortfalls in 121 Exploring the Future Countering Threat Networks Lessons Learned in Joint Force Development Operating Environment By David Richard Doran By Gwendolyn R. DeFilippi, By Jeffrey J. Becker and Stephen Francis Nowak, and John E. DeFoor Special Feature Bradford Harlow Baylor 126 A New Approach to 34 An Interview with Joint Concepts Joseph L. Votel Features By Erik Schwarz 40 The By-With-Through 93 Climate Change and Operational Approach Urbanization: Challenges to 130 The U.S. Government’s Approach to Environmental Security: By Joseph L. Votel and Global Security and Stability Eero R. Keravuori By Ronak B. Patel and Focus on Campaign Activities David P. Palotty IV By George E. Katsos 48 The By-With-Through Approach: An Army Command Perspective 99 Structuring Airpower to Win in 140 Joint Doctrine Update By Michael X. Garrett, William 2030: Designing a Joint Division H. Dunbar, Bryan C. Hilferty, of Labor Between Land- and and Robert R. Rodock Sea-Based Combat Aviation By Josh Wiitala and Alexander Wright 56 Fighting the Islamic State By, With, and Through: How 118 Continuing the Big Data Ethics Mattered as Much as What Debate: Enabling Senior By J. Patrick Work Leader Decisionmaking By Paul B. Lester, Pedro S. Wolf, 63 Sacrifice, Ownership, Christopher J. Nannini, Daniel C. Legitimacy: Winning Wars Jensen, and Delores Johnson Davis By, With, and Through Host- Nation Security Forces By John B. Richardson IV and John Q. Bolton General Dunford works aboard C-130 aircraft at Bagram Airfield before visit to Task Force– Southwest at Camp Shorab, Helmand Province, our operational source of strength is March 22, 2018 (DOD/Dominique A. Pineiro) the ability to project power where and when needed to advance U.S. interests and meet alliance commitments. This spurred dramatic tactical, operational, and strategic adaptations and accelerated modernization programs to asymmetri- cally counter our ability to project power. All the while, budget instability and the challenges of a decades-long campaign against violent extremism adversely affected our own modernization and ca- pability development efforts required to preserve—or in some cases restore—our competitive advantage. Additionally, the Joint Force lacks sufficient capacity to meet combatant command requirements. Over the past 16 years, we made a conscious choice to limit the size of the force to preserve scarce resources necessary for essential The Character of investments in immediate upgrades to critical capabilities. And requirements have not abated, as we assumed they would after major combat operations in War and Strategic Iraq and Afghanistan ended. As a result, global demand for forces continues to exceed the inventory. Landscape Have Finally, as a nation that thinks and acts globally, the United States cannot choose between a force that can address IS and Changed other VEOs and one that can deter and defeat state actors with a full range of capabilities. We require a balanced force ver the past two decades, the credibility of our alliances and limit our that can address the challenges outlined strategic landscape has changed ability to project power. North Korea’s in the recently published National O dramatically. While the funda- efforts to develop a nuclear-capable, inter- Defense Strategy and has the inherent mental nature of war has not changed, continental ballistic missile now threaten flexibility to respond to the unexpected. the pace of change and modern technol- the homeland and our allies in the Pacific. ogy, coupled with shifts in the nature of Iran routinely destabilizes its neighbors We Must Adapt to Maintain geopolitical competition, have altered and threatens freedom of navigation while a Competitive Advantage the character of war in the 21st century. modernizing its maritime, missile, space, Advances in technology and the chang- Advancements in space, information and cyber capabilities. Violent extremist ing character of war require that our systems, cyberspace, electronic warfare, organizations (VEOs), such as the so- plans address all-domain, transregional and missile technology have accelerated called Islamic State (IS) and al Qaeda, challenges and conflict. In the past, we the speed and complexity of war. As a remain a transregional threat to the assumed most crises could be contained result, decision space has collapsed, and homeland, our allies, and our way of life. to one region. That assumption, in we can assume that any future conflict These realities are why some have called turn, drove regionally focused planning will involve all domains and cut across today’s operating environment the most and decisionmaking processes. Today, multiple geographic regions. challenging since World War II. this assumption no longer holds true. Today’s strategic landscape is also ex- At the same time, the U.S. mili- Our planning must adapt to provide a traordinarily volatile, and the Nation faces tary’s long-held competitive advantage global perspective that views challenges threats from an array of state and non- has eroded. Our decisive victory in holistically and enables execution of state actors. Revisionist powers such as Operation Desert Storm was a wake-up military campaigns with a flexibility and China and Russia seek to undermine the call for our enemies; they observed that speed that outpaces our adversaries. 2 Dialogue / From the Chairman JFQ 89, 2nd Quarter 2018 We must also be prepared to make de- The National Defense Strategy estab- begins by assessing our ability to execute cisions at the speed of relevance.