Optics Software for Layout and Optimization Optics Reference Rev: June 2005 Lambda Research Corporation 25 Porter Road Littleton, MA 01460 Tel: 978-486-0766 Fax: 978-486-0755 [email protected] COPYRIGHT The OSLO software and Optics Reference are Copyright © 2001 by Lambda Research Corporation. All rights reserved. TRADEMARKS Oslo® is a registered trademark of Lambda Research Corporation. TracePro® is a registered trademark of Lambda Research Corporation. GENII® is a registered trademark of Sinclair Optics, Inc. UltraEdit® is a registered trademark of IDM Computer Solutions, Inc. Adobe® and Acrobat® are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems, Inc. Pentium® is a registered trademark of Intel, Inc. Windows® 95, Windows® 98, Windows NT®, Windows® 2000 and Microsoft® are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries Table of Contents Table of Contents................................................................................ 4 Chapter 1 Quick Start ................................................................... 10 Main window ..................................................................................................... 11 Title bar........................................................................................................... 11 Menu bar......................................................................................................... 11 Main tool bar .................................................................................................. 12 Graphics windows.............................................................................................. 13 Graphics window tool bar............................................................................... 15 Text windows..................................................................................................... 16 Text Window tool bar..................................................................................... 17 Spreadsheet windows......................................................................................... 18 Spreadsheet command area ............................................................................ 18 Surface data .................................................................................................... 20 CCL database spreadsheet.............................................................................. 27 Catalog lens database......................................................................................... 28 Pop-up windows ............................................................................................. 29 Dialog boxes................................................................................................... 29 Text editor.......................................................................................................... 31 Help window...................................................................................................... 31 File system ......................................................................................................... 32 Data concepts..................................................................................................... 34 Surface data conventions ................................................................................... 35 Surface numbering.......................................................................................... 35 Sign conventions............................................................................................. 35 Surface types................................................................................................... 36 Introductory Exercise - Landscape Lens............................................................ 37 Lens entry ....................................................................................................... 37 Lens Drawing ................................................................................................. 39 Optimization................................................................................................... 40 Slider-wheel design ........................................................................................ 43 Chapter 2 Fundamentals............................................................... 48 Waves, Rays, and Beams................................................................................... 48 Maxwell’s equations....................................................................................... 48 Gaussian beam propagation ............................................................................... 51 Propagation Circles......................................................................................... 52 Algebraic Methods ......................................................................................... 58 Polarization analysis .......................................................................................... 60 Polarization ellipse ......................................................................................... 61 TOC 5 Fresnel equations ............................................................................................ 62 Jones calculus ................................................................................................. 64 Optical materials ................................................................................................ 65 Dispersion....................................................................................................... 66 Thermal coefficients....................................................................................... 67 Other glass data .............................................................................................. 68 Model glasses ................................................................................................. 68 Chapter 3 Paraxial Optics............................................................. 71 The paraxial approximation ............................................................................... 71 Cardinal points................................................................................................... 74 Paraxial ray tracing ............................................................................................ 77 Sign conventions............................................................................................. 77 Paraxial ray trace equations............................................................................ 78 YNU ray tracing ............................................................................................. 79 YUI ray tracing............................................................................................... 80 Matrix optics ...................................................................................................... 80 Lagrange’s law................................................................................................... 82 Paraxial constants............................................................................................... 83 Image equations ................................................................................................. 84 Specification of conjugate distances.................................................................. 85 Lens setup .......................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 4 Stops and Pupils........................................................... 88 Radiometric concepts and terminology.............................................................. 88 Radiance conservation theorem...................................................................... 90 Irradiance by a flat circular source ................................................................. 91 Cos4 law.......................................................................................................... 92 Vignetting ....................................................................................................... 92 Computation of irradiance.............................................................................. 93 Stops and pupils ................................................................................................. 93 Specifying aperture and field of view............................................................. 94 Optical system layout......................................................................................... 96 Thin lens ......................................................................................................... 96 Photographic objective ................................................................................... 96 Magnifier ........................................................................................................ 98 Telescope........................................................................................................ 99 Relay system................................................................................................. 100 Telecentric lens............................................................................................. 100 Specifying lens apertures ................................................................................. 101 Special apertures........................................................................................... 103 Chapter 5 Aberrations................................................................