The following content are extracted from the material in the references on last page. If any wrong citation or reference missing, please contact [email protected] . I will correct the error asap. This course used only and please do NOT broadcast. Thank you. Introduction to Modern GPU Hardware Lan-Da Van (范倫達), Ph. D. Department of Computer Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu, Taiwan Spring, 2021 1 Outline GPU Pipeline GPU Hardware History GPU Hardware Consideration Modern GPU Hardware Architecture NVIDIA GeForce AMD (ATI) Radeon IMG PowerVR ARM Mali GPU Applications Summary 2 GPU Fundamentals: Graphics Pipeline Graphics State Screenspace triangles (2D) trianglesScreenspace Xformed, Lit Vertices (2D) LitXformed,Vertices Final Pixels (Color, Depth) (Color, Pixels Final Fragments (pre Fragments Vertices (3D) Vertices Transform Assemble Application Rasterize Shade Video & Light Primitives Memory (Textures) - pixels) CPU GPU Render-to-texture • A simplified graphics pipeline – Note that pipe widths vary – Many caches, FIFOs, and so on not shown GPU Fundamentals: Modern Graphics Pipeline Graphics State Screenspace triangles (2D) trianglesScreenspace Xformed, Lit Vertices (2D) LitXformed,Vertices Final Pixels (Color, Depth) (Color, Pixels Final Fragments (pre Fragments Vertices ( Vertices TransformVertex Assemble Application Rasterize FragmentShade Video Processor& Light Primitives Processor Memory 3 D) (Textures) - pixels) CPU GPU Render-to-texture • Programmable vertex • Programmable pixel processor! processor! GPU Fundamentals: Modern Graphics Pipeline Graphics State Screenspace triangles (2D) trianglesScreenspace Xformed, Lit Vertices ( LitXformed,Vertices Final Pixels (Color, Depth) (Color, Pixels Final Fragments (pre Fragments Vertices (3D) Vertices Vertex AssembleGeometry Fragment Application Rasterize Video Processor PrimitivesProcessor Processor Memory (Textures) - pixels) 2 D) CPU GPU Render-to-texture Programmable More flexible primitive assembly! memory access! History of Graphics Hardware (1/3) … - mid ’90s SGI mainframes and workstations PC: only 2D graphics hardware mid ’90s Consumer 3D graphics hardware (PC) - 3dfx, NVIDIA, Matrox, ATI, … Triangle rasterization (only) Cheap: pushed by game industry 1999 3DFX Voodoo graphics 4MB - 1997 PC-card with TnL (Transform and Lighting) - NVIDIA GeForce: Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) PC-card more powerful than specialized workstations 6 History of Graphics Hardware (2/3) https://www.zhihu.com/question/21980949 History of Graphics Hardware (3/3) Modern graphics hardware Graphics pipeline partly programmable Leaders: AMD(ATI) and NVIDIA - “AMD Radeon HD 6990” and “NVIDIA GeForce GTX 590” Game consoles similar to GPUs (Xbox) 8 Computational Power • GPUs are fast… – 3.0 GHz Intel Core2 Duo (Woodcrest Xeon 5160): • Computation: 48 GFLOPS peak • Memory bandwidth: 21 GB/s peak • Price: $874 (chip) – NVIDIA GeForce 8800 GTX: • Computation: 330 GFLOPS observed • Memory bandwidth: 55.2 GB/s observed • Price: $599 (board) • GPUs are getting faster, faster – CPUs: 1.4× annual growth – GPUs: 1.7× (pixels) to 2.3× (vertices) annual growth Comparison on GPU and CPU (1/2) GPU CPU Courtesy Naga Govindaraju Comparison on GPU and CPU (2/2) https://wccftech.com/nvidia-pascal-volta-gpus-sc15/ Motivation • Why are GPUs getting faster so fast? – Driven forces • Data driven • AI driven • Science driven • Engineering driven • Customer driven • Game driven • Others…. Flexible and Precise • Modern GPUs are deeply programmable – Programmable pixel, vertex, and geometry engines – Solid high-level language support • Modern GPUs support “real” precision – 32-bit/64-bit floating point throughout the pipeline • High enough for many applications – DX10-class GPUs add 32-bit integers Graphics Hardware Consideration (1/2) • GPU = Graphics Processing Unit – Vector processor – Operates on 4 tuples • Position ( x, y, z, w ) • Color ( red, green, blue, alpha ) • Texture Coordinates ( s, t, r, q ) – 4 tuple ops, 1 clock cycle • SIMD [ Single Instruction Multiple Data ] – ADD, MUL, SUB, DIV, MADD, … Graphics Hardware Consideration (2/2) • Pipelining 1 2 3 – Number of stages 1 • Parallelism 2 – Number of parallel processes 3 1 2 3 • Parallelism + pipelining 1 2 3 – Number of parallel pipelines 1 2 3 Outline GPU Pipeline History of GPU Hardware GPU Hardware Consideration Modern GPU Hardware Architecture NVIDIA GeForce AMD (ATI) Radeon IMG PowerVR ARM Mali Summary 16 Growth of NVIDIA GPU • Performance matrices – Since 2000, the amount of horsepower applied to processing 3D vertices and fragments has been growing at a remarkable rate. Growth of NVIDIA GPU NVIDIA GeForce 7900 GTX Nvidia Graphics Card Architecture • GeForce-8 Series – 12,288 concurrent threads, hardware managed – 128 Thread Processor cores at 1.35 GHz == 518 GFLOPS peak Host CPU Work Distribution IU IU IU IU IU IU IU IU IU IU IU IU IU IU IU IU SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP SP Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Shared Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory TF TF TF TF TF TF TF TF TEX L1 TEX L1 TEX L1 TEX L1 TEX L1 TEX L1 TEX L1 TEX L1 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 L2 Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory Memory NVIDIA Roadmap https://videocardz.com/specials/roadmaps 09/02/11 NVIDIA Roadmap https://3cjohnhardware.wordpress.com/2018/08/28/nvidia-7nm/ 09/02/11 NVIDIA FERMI FERMI: Streaming Multiprocessor (SM) • Each SM contains • 32 Cores • 16 Load/Store units • 32,768 registers • Newer FP representation • IEEE 754-2008 • Two units • Floating point • Integer FERMI: Results FERMI: Comparison Kepler: Core Architecture http://www.weistang.com/article-941-1.html Maxwell: Core Architecture http://www.weistang.com/article-941-1.html http://www.coolaler.com/showthread.php/313295- %E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E9%A B%98%E6%95%88GPU%EF%BC%9ANVIDIA- Maxwell%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B Kepler vs Maxwell Comparison 2012 2014 http://www.coolaler.com/showthread.php/313295- %E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88GPU%EF%BC%9ANVIDIA- Maxwell%E6%9E%B6%E6%A7%8B Pascal: Core Architecture https://read01.com/zh-tw/oemmE4.html#.Wi5F30qWYps Volta: Core Architecture http://technews.tw/2017/05/11/nvidia-gpu-volta/ Pascal vs Volta Comparison 2016 2017 http://technews.tw/2017/05/11/nvidia-gpu-volta/ Ampere: Core Architecture https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-ampere-architecture-in-depth/ Ampere: Core Architecture https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-ampere-architecture-in-depth/ Volta vs Ampere Comparison https://developer.nvidia.com/blog/nvidia-ampere-architecture-in-depth/ Mobile Roadmap http://www.techbang.com/posts/19899-nvidia-shield-rebirths-carrying-kepler- into-the-tablet-market-discarded-palm-machine-changes-to-core-login-table- drawing-tablet?page=2 09/02/11 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA 09/02/11 ATI Radeon 9700 • Parallelism + pipelining: ATI Radeon 9700 4 vertex pipelines 8 pixel pipelines https://technews.tw/2020/03/10/amd-gpu-dual-track/ AMD Roadmap https://videocardz.com/specials/roadmaps 09/02/11 http://wccftech.com/amd-vega-4096-gcn-stream-processors/ http://www.anandtech.com/show/9233/amds-2016-gpu-roadmap- finfet-high-bandwidth-memory http://www.anandtech.com/show/9233/amds-2016-gpu-roadmap- finfet-high-bandwidth-memory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_f_lIF3A7Q http://imgtec.eetrend.com/content/2019/100045623.html 45 http://imgtec.eetrend.com/news/7355 46 IMG PowerVR 8XE Plus http://www.anandtech.com/show/11028/powervr-8xe-plus-announced 47 IMG PowerVR 8XE Plus http://www.anandtech.com/show/11028/powervr-8xe-plus-announced 48 IMG PowerVR 8XE Plus http://www.anandtech.com/show/11028/powervr-8xe-plus-announced 49 IMG PowerVR 8XE Plus http://www.anandtech.com/show/11028/powervr-8xe-plus-announced 50 ای/-powervrپردازندهی-گرافیکی-گوشی-مقایسه-/http://intotech.ir/phone-tablet/proccessor 51 IMG PowerVR 9XE https://qooah.com/2017/09/26/imagination-launch-powervr-9/ 52 IMG PowerVR 9XE https://kknews.cc/tech/86m6g6n.html 53 IMG PowerVR 9XE https://kknews.cc/tech/86m6g6n.html 54 Features of ARM Mali http://www.arm.com/products/graphics-and-multimedia/mali-gpu 55 ARM Mali http://www.grdkingdom.com/2013/10/armt7 60-400-gpu.html 56 ARM G7X Series http://www.semiinsights.com/s/electronic_components/23/37012.shtml 57 ARM Mali-200 2007 58 ARM Mali-300 59 ARM Mali-400MP 2008 60 ARM Mali-450MP 2012 61 ARM Mali-T604 62 ARM Mali-T604 • GPGPU (support OpenCL 1.1). • Tri-pipe architecture. • The first GPU based on the Midgard architecture. • True IEEE double-precision floating-point math in hardware for Full Profile. • The Job Manager within Mali-T600 Series GPUs offloads task management from the CPU to the GPU. • 5x performance improvement over previous Mali graphics processors. 63 ARM Mali-T624 2012 64 3/16/2021 ARM Mali-T678 65 ARM Mali-T678 • 50% performance improvement compared to the Mali- T658. 66 ARM Mali-T760 2013 67 ARM Mali-T880 2016 68 ARM G7X Series http://www.semiinsights.com/s/electronic_components/23/37012.shtml 69 Applications (1/5) • Includes lots of applications – Ray-tracer – Image segmentation – FFT/Linear Algebra http://f.fwallpapers.com/images/3d -bunny.jpg http://graphics.stanford.edu/data/3Ds canrep/stanford-bunny-cebal-ssh.jpg Applications (2/5) http://www.techbang.com/posts/19899-nvidia-shield-rebirths-carrying-kepler- into-the-tablet-market-discarded-palm-machine-changes-to-core-login-table- 09/02/11 drawing-tablet?page=2 Applications (3/5) http://5pit.tw/tech/computer/tid_12880